1. Biotechnology
AP Biology Chapter 20

2. History of Biotechnology

3. Biotechnology
Utilizing living systems for technological advancement

4. Origins of Biotechnology
Biotechnology has been around for ~10,000 years
Domesticated plants and animals
Using yeast to make bread rise
Using bacteria or yeast to ferment grapes into wine

5. Current Biotechnology
Biotechnology is used in three main ways:
Directly using cells
Using the proteins/enzymes made by cells
Using the genetic material inside of cell

6. Future of Biotechnology

7. DNA Cloning
Part 1

8. DNA Cloning Scientists: Genes: Only want to study specific genes
Small segments of DNA strand

9. E. coli plasmid
Small circular DNA that replicates independently from nucleoid chromosome

10. DNA Cloning Process
Find gene of interest in any organism

11. DNA Cloning Process Cut gene with restriction enzymes
Cut bacteria plasmid w/ same enzymes

12. DNA Cloning Process
Attach gene to plasmid with DNA Ligase

13. DNA Cloning Process
Reinsert into bacteria
Allow bacteria to replicate

14. 14

15. Restriction Enzyme Cut DNA at known palindromic sequences Enzyme
Source
Recognition Sequence
Cut
EcoRI
Escherichia coli
5'GAATTC 3'CTTAAG
5'---G AATTC---3'
3'---CTTAA G---5'
EcoRII
5'CCWGG 3'GGWCC
5'--- CCWGG---3'
3'---GGWCC ---5'
BamHI
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
5'GGATCC 3'CCTAGG
5'---G GATCC---3' 3'---CCTAG G---5'
HindIII
Haemophilus influenzae
5'AAGCTT 3'TTCGAA
5'---A AGCTT---3'
3'---TTCGA A---5'
TaqI
Thermus aquaticus
5'TCGA 3'AGCT
5'---T CGA---3'
3'---AGC T---5'

16. Current Uses Medicine: Treatment: Food: Insulin, HGH, Blood clotting
Hepatitis B Vaccine, HIV identification
Food:
Golden Rice, Countless Resistant Crops

17. Environmental Concerns
Escapees in nature!
Jumping into you!

18. PCR & Gel Electrophoresis
Part 2

19. Polymerase Chain Reaction Function
Exponentially amplify small amounts of DNA

20. PCR Process
Denaturing
Heating DNA separates the H bonds

21. PCR Process
Annealing
Cooling DNA allows RNA primers to attach

22. PCR Process
Extension
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to 3’ end of primer

23. PCR Result After 30 rounds of PCR:
Copy 1 segment of DNA into ~1,000,000,000
99.9% are only target sequence

24. PCR Applications Share 40,000 yr old woolly mammoth DNA
Identify crime scene DNA
Screen fcDNA for genetic disorders
Detect hidden viral genes (HIV)

25. Gel Electrophoresis Function
Visualize various sized sections of DNA

26. GE Process
Use restriction enzymes to cut DNA

27. GE Process
Pipette DNA into the gel (well)

28. GE Process Turn on electrical current
DNA phosphates have a negative charge
DNA travels to the positive electrode
Gel separates DNA segments based on size

29. GE Result
Stain gel to show bands of DNA

30. GE Applications
Compare DNA
Extract pure samples of DNA

31. DNA sequencing
Part 3

32. DNA Sequencing Function
Analyze complete genome of an organism

33. DNA Sequencing Process
Isolate DNA
Grind up organism – cells with DNA in nucleus
Add soap – break down lipid membrane
Add meat tenderizer – break down protein
Spin DNA in centrifuge – DNA sinks

34. DNA Sequencing Process
Send DNA through PCR with normal nucleotides

35. DNA Sequencing Process
Send DNA through PCR with radioactive nucleotides

36. DNA Sequencing Result
Many partial sequences of various lengths with a radioactive terminal nitrogen base
Run this solution through a gel or sequencer

37. DNA Sequencing Application
Has shown evolutionary relationships
Will unlock genetic mysteries
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