1. Ancient Rome

2. Rome’s Geography
Site of Rome chosen for its fertile soil and strategic location. How?
Location on Italian peninsula in center of Mediterranean Sea
Built on Seven hills on Tiber River

4. Map of Roman Empire

5. Origins of Rome
According to Roman legend, Rome was founded by Romulus (Rome named after) and Remus
Father was Mars, mother Latin princess
Raised by a she-wolf
Latins settled around Rome 1000 to 500 B.C.E
Greeks also established colonies in Italy
Etruscans = N. Italy

6. Romulus and Remus

7. Influence of Etruscans
Writing
Religion
The Arch

8. Roman Republic 509 BCE - 27 BCE
Romans establish Republic in 509 B.C.E.
Republic: government power rests in citizens
Fight between Patricians (wealthy landowners) and Plebeians (merchants & farmers)
Plebeians protected by tribunes (elected representatives)
12 Tables – laws to protect all citizens
Basis for later Roman law
Citizenship is limited to adult male landowners
Hung in the Forum

9. 12 Tables

10. Government of Rome Dictators – appointed in times of crisis 2 Consuls
2 rulers of Rome
1 to rule army, 1 to direct government
Senate
Representative body for patricians – upper class
Tribal Assembly
Representative body for plebeians – lower class, common people
Dictators – appointed in times of crisis

11. Roman Army All land owners had to serve in the Army
Organized into large military units called legions.
5,000 foot soldiers
Cavalry (soldiers on horses)
Divided into even smaller groups called centuries – 80 men
Key factor in greatness

12. Roman Power Spreads
Rome conquers Italy, but access to Mediterranean Sea blocked by Carthaginian Empire. Treats people humanely.

13. Punic Wars (264-146 BC) Wars(3) between Rome and Carthage
Carthage, powerful city state in North Africa, rivals Rome
1st Punic War, Rome wins, takes Sicily in 23 year old war

14. Punic Wars ( BC)
2nd Punic War, Hannibal led the Carthaginians against Rome.
Tried to surprise Romans by sneak attack by going through Spain and France crossing over the Alps into Italy
Included 37 elephants
It worked. Terrorized Italy for a decade but didn’t capture Rome. Cannae 45,000 Romans killed.
Scipio (Skip-ee-oh) finally defeated Hannibal at Battle of Zama in 202 BCE

15. Hannibal’s Route

16. Punic Wars ( BC)
Third War – Rome finally takes over as supreme power in W. Mediterranean
Destroys Carthage
Burns the city to the ground
Enslaves people
50,000 citizens

17. Roman Helmet during the Punic War

18. Hannibal Coin

19. Republic Collapses Rome grew, gap between rich and poor grew
Rich = large estates
Poor = Slaves captured from wars worked their fields (1/3 of population)
Brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus tried to reform, but were killed.
Poor should be given grain and small plots of land
Civil war broke out after they were killed
Military becomes less disciplined and disloyal
Soldiers from poor families; show loyalty to their generals

20. Julius Caesar
Military leader w/ Crassus and Pompey took control of Rome.
Triumvirate – group of 3 rulers
After 1 year of being Consul, he left to become governor of Gaul.
Conquered all of Gaul, became very popular
Pompey becomes jealous orders Caesar to disband
Caesar ignores him, chases him out of Rome and becomes Dictator of Rome in 46 B.C.E., Dictator for life in 44 BCE

21. Civil War & Dictators
Julius Caesar
Pompey

22. Julius Caesar cont. Absolute Ruler Reforms Death Disbanded Senate
Granted citizenship to people in provinces
Created jobs for poor by construction of new buildings
Increased pay for soldiers
Death
Killed by senators including “friends” Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius in Senate Chamber
March 15, 44 BC

23. Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE

24. Another Civil War
43 BC Caesar’s supporters take control, become Second Triumvirate
Three kick out assassins
Octavian (Caesar’s grandnephew and adopted son)
Mark Antony
Lepidus
Jealousy drove Antony and Octavian to become rivals
Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra at Actium
Octavian excepts title of Augustus (“exalted one”) and imperator (“supreme military commander) – rules Rome

25. Battle of Actium

26. Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, Marc Antony, and Octavian
Julius Caesar & Cleopatra – Had an affair and most likely a kid (Caesarion)
Lived in Rome till Caesar died
Julius Caesar & Marc Antony – Caesar was Antony’s 2nd cousin, friend, supporter
Julius Caesar & Octavian – Nephew of Caesar, Octavian becomes adopted son. Heir to throne.
Marc Antony & Cleopatra – Become lovers and have 3 kids (twins and a son). Antony commits suicide and dies in Cleopatra’s arms.
Cleopatra & Octavian – Cleopatra commits suicide after Antony’s death. Octavian kills Caesarion.

27. Cleopatra and Caesarion

28. Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor

29. Pax Romana Under Augustus, Rome moves from a republic to an empire
Power no longer resides with citizens, but a single ruler
Rome enjoys 200 years of peace and prosperity known as Pax Romana
Augustus creates system of government
Glorifies Rome with public buildings
Sets up a civil service to administer the empire

30. Roman Culture - Bathrooms

31. Roman Culture - Villas
House of Faun
Wall Mosiac
Hadrian Villa

32. Roman Culture - Buildings
Arch of Septimius Severus
Arch of Constantine

33. Roman Culture - Buildings
Arch of Titus
Ostia Theatre

34. Roman Culture - Buildings
Temple of Venus and Rome – Largest Temple in Rome

35. Pax Romana 27 B.C.E. – 180 C.E.

36. A Vast and Powerful Empire
Agriculture most important industry; 90% of Romans farm
Common coin, denarius, makes trade within empire easier
Rome has vast trading network, including China and India. Roads link Persia and Russia

37. The Roman World
Slavery is significant part of Roman life in both cities and farms
Some become gladiators; forced to fight to death
Early Romans honor guardian spirits and gods Jupiter, Juno, Minerva
Worship of emperor becomes part of official religion of Rome
Rich live well; most people are poor, receive grain from government
150 holidays and Colosseum events created to control the masses

38. Emperor Nero
Mother, Agrippina, influenced him greatly when he became emperor at 16 in 54 AD
Killed step-brother, at age 14, because he was true heir to throne
Killed Mother in 59 AD
Executed a lot of his rivals
Executed Christians as scapegoat for a fire in Rome
Killed first wife, married mistress Poppaea
In 65 AD, kicked Poppaea to death
Senate declared him enemy of Rome, committed suicide in 69 AD

39. Emperor Caligula Son of popular general Germanicus
Got sick and then went crazy, killing tons of people – many times for fun
Indulged in too much spending and sex
Slept with other men’s wives and bragged about it
Incest with his sisters
Epilepic, Hyperthyroidism, and Meningitis could’ve been the cause for his “insanity”