1. Managing food chain risks: the role of uncertainty Richard Shepherd University of Surrey

2. Project partners Person responsibleOrganisation Richard ShepherdUniversity of Surrey Andy HartCentral Science Laboratory Gary BarkerInstitute of Food Research Simon FrenchManchester Business School John MauleLeeds University Business School

3. Uncertainty There are known knowns –there are things that we know that we know There are known unknowns –that is to say, there are things that we now know we don't know But there are also unknown unknowns –there are things we do not know we don't know And each year we discover a few more of those unknown unknowns Donald Rumsfeld, US Secretary of Defense Winner of Plain English Campaign ‘Foot in Mouth Award’ 2003

4. Cynefin model of decision contexts Knowable Cause and effect can be determined with sufficient data The realm of scientific inquiry Known Cause and effect understood and predictable The realm of scientific knowledge Complex Cause and effect may be explained after the event. Social systems Chaotic Cause and effect not discernable Snowden (2002)

5. Need to communicate uncertainty Need for: –Transparency –Openness If uncertainty subsequently found it will lead to problems of credibility ‘… the need to be open about uncertainty and to make the level of uncertainty clear when communicating with the public’ HM Government Response to the BSE Inquiry (2001)

6. Presenting uncertainty to the public Admission of uncertainty (Johnson and Slovic, 1995) –More honest –Less competent Public preferences (Frewer et al. 2002) –Public want information on uncertainty –More accepting of uncertainty when due to scientific process than lack of interest or action by government

7. Project objectives Develop interactive web-enabled tools for quantitative assessment of risks and uncertainty Use participatory methods to ensure web- enabled tools, etc. appropriate for stakeholders Develop methods to predict consumer behaviour driven by perceptions of risk and uncertainty Develop improved methods for communicating with stakeholders Test, evaluate and demonstrate improved approaches in case studies of food contamination and microbiological hazards

8. Food chain 1 Food chain 2 Food chain 3 Modular food chain models Each module includes production, processing, storage, retail, cooking etc. Dietary risk modelling National diet survey data 2D Monte Carlo engine Post-processing & analysis Long-term extrapolation Participatory Processes ‘Live’ groups Stakeholder workshops citizen juries focus groups Web enabled interactions Surveys All stages of process: from problem definition to interpretation, decision-making, communication Predicting changes in consumer behaviour Analyse effects of communication and management actions Predict dietary changes Case studies A chemical contaminant A microbial contamination A crisis scenario Specialist user Decision-making forums Lay public and stakeholders Communication and decision support interfaces Results for technical reports Test alternate scenarios and management options Lay user: What if? Risk to me? Media direct via internet indirect Models, systems and processes designed and validated with respect to Modules within the project

9. Participatory processes Participatory methods –Stakeholder workshops –Citizens’ juries –Focus groups –Scenarios to stimulate discussion Runs throughout project to: –Inform initial developments and ensure processes and web-enabled tools appropriate for stakeholders –Test in case studies

10. Dietary risk modelling Develop web-based tools based on CSL probabilistic tool Probabilistic methods of risk assessment: –Take account of variability and uncertainty –Usually aimed at specialists Hierarchical 2D Monte Carlo to quantify uncertainties Expand to include: –Other contaminants and pathogens –Long term exposures –Suitable for non-technical users –‘What if’ tools

11. Modular food chain models Managing risk across the food chain Modularisation of food chain –Production, processing, storage, consumption Dependencies across the chain - concentrations of agent a function of: –Control measures –Performance criteria Build set of uncertainty distributions

12. Predicting changes in consumer behaviour Impact on consumer behaviour of communication and management actions Issues addressed: –Risk information v direct recommendation –Personal relevance of information –Presentation of uncertainty –Numerical/verbal presentation of uncertainty Predict consumer behaviour changes

13. Communication and decision support interfaces Communication dependent on how different actors understand and think about risk Mental models Social representations Test using scenarios

14. Case studies Chemical - pesticide –Data available –Amenable to probabilistic modelling Microbiological - cross contamination with campylobacter –Undercooked chicken –Mainly caused by cross contamination Scenario with unanticipated risk –Hypothetical scenarios –Rapid response

15. Key audiences Natural and social scientists Stakeholders throughout the food chain –Producers –Manufacturers –Risk managers and regulators General public(s) Communication through: –Dissemination activities –Stakeholder workshops

16. Concluding comments Interdisciplinary research –Natural sciences –Social sciences Quantitative assessment and modelling of risks and uncertainty across the food chain Stakeholder involvement and participatory processes Effective communication with the public and stakeholders