1. Moisture Transport Quantitatively and qualitatively describe transport by 1.Liquid flow 2.Capillary suction 3.Air movement 4.Vapor diffusion

2. Capillary Suction Paper towel example What makes a good capillary medium? Small pores (but not sealed) Small contact angle (hydrophilic) What is the driving force? Surface tension Units on surface tension? Is surface tension a function of temperature? Is it only a liquid phenomena? Ref: Carey (1992) Liquid-Vapor Phase-Change Phenomena

3. Capillary Action (quantitative) Liquid water Water moves from big capillary pores to small capillary pores Water vapor (at equilibrium) s = ρRTln  Temperature does influence vapor motion through capillary pores Capillary vapor transport is from high T to low T

4. How do we stop capillary action? Get rid of the moisture source Make the pores bigger Capillary break Seal the pores Give the water someplace else to go

5. Stopping Capillary Suction Below Grade Bituminous liquid (tar-like material) to seal pores on exterior of foundation Does not span big cracks Gravel around foundation (with below grade drain) Install capillary breaks Air gaps, insulation gaps

6. Stopping Capillary Suction Above Grade Paint Caulk small air gaps Disadvantages? Make large air gaps (vented) between siding and wall and between shingles and roof decking Use building paper or bricks or other material to absorb moisture

7. Air Movement Simplest form of vapor transport Driving force? Air moves from high pressure to low pressure Pressure increases with temperature (IGL) Flow is from high temperature to low temperature

8. Source Control Exhaust ventilation Bathrooms, kitchens, dryers, unvented combustion, wood storage, construction materials Condensate drainage Vapor-diffusion barrier Dilution Dehumidification

9. How to Stop Air Movement Air retarders Air sealing Caulk and foam Dense-pack cellulose insulation DO NOT FORGET ABOUT VENTILATION

10. Vapor Diffusion Movement of water vapor from high concentration to low concentration Mechanism is random molecular motion Some materials are impermeable to vapor diffusion Other materials retard vapor transmission

11. Governing Equation For Diffusion w water vapor flux [M/t/A, kg/s/m 2 ] µ permeability [perms∙in, perm = grain/(hr∙ft 2 ∙in Hg)] Permeance [ ng/(s·m 2 ·Pa)] p is water vapor pressure x is distance along flow path Water diffuses from high vapor pressure to low vapor pressure Permeability is a function of temperature in materials Very ugly non-linear relationship

12. Permeability and Resistance ASHRAE ch. 25 Table 9 What has greater average permeability? Brick Concrete Aluminum foil Air Polyethylene Latex enamel paint Latex primer/sealer paint

13. Average Permeability Material Average Permeability [ng/(s·m·Pa)] Aluminum foil 2.6 × 10 -5 Polyethylene 4.6 × 10 -5 Latex enamel paint 1.1 × 10 -2 Latex primer/sealer paint 2.2 × 10 -2 Brick 4.6 Concrete 4.7 Air 174

14. More questions Does permeability or permeance matter? How do you measure permeability/permeance? Wet-cup/dry-cup tests What is a vapor-barrier/ vapor-retarder? How do tears, voids, gaps affect vapor-retarder performance? Is this the same as for air barriers?

15. Protecting against Vapor Diffusion Above grade Use a vapor retarder Interior in heating climates –Caveat about cladding moisture Exterior in cooling climates But, what happens in the “other” season? And, what happens when moisture does get into the building assemblies? “Smart” retarders 1.Impermeable to vapor, but “permeable” to liquid 2.Low permeability at low RH, high permeability at high RH

16. Protecting against Vapor Diffusion Below grade Damp proofing Vapor diffusion retarders on different surfaces Insulation on exterior of foundation

17. Moisture Modeling Thus far, largely qualitative analysis In order to make informed decisions need to do quantitative analysis Challenges/barriers Building assemblies are not well characterized Discontinuity between design and construction phase Modeling liquid water flow is practically impossible and not particularly desirable Very expensive to do completely

18. Strategies for Modeling Strategy 1 Assume that only one water transport method is active Back of the envelope calculation to figure out which method is the most important Combined thermal and moisture transport calculations Usually assume equilibrium, 1-D transport

19. Detailed Modeling Strategy 2 1.Divide building materials into small volumes 2.Consider all transport mechanisms and calculate liquid and vapor transport to and from each volume 3.Simultaneous energy, mass balances for each volume including phase change Computationally intensive Requires Material properties Excellent geometric description

20. Example of Strategy 1 New building Verified construction to limit liquid water entry Foundation/cladding designed to eliminate capillary suction ADA verified with blower door testing Interested in steady-state moisture transport

21. Review of Heat Transfer For series heat flow q = heat flux (heat flow) ΔT = Temperature difference R = thermal resistivity

22. Series Moisture Transfer ΔP = water vapor pressure difference Z = Diffusion resistance

26. If Condensation Occurs Set vapor pressure to saturation pressure at most likely point Divide wall into two sections Use relationship on each side of condensation Recalculate vapor pressures