1. Chapter 3

2.  Definition- a system in which the nat’l gov’t shares power with local gov’t.  States have a specifically protected existence & authority. (Constitution)  The impact is widespread on roads, crimes, civil liberties etc.  Degree od federalism has changes over time  a. devolution  block grants  Long term tension between nat’l and stae gov’t include slavery, states rights, mandates, regulation of business/ social welfare programs

3.  Definition- A political system with local gov’t units, plus national ones that can make final decisions.  Federal gov’ts- Canada. India, Germany  Unitary gov’ts- France, Great Britain,Italy

4. Confusion over certain responsibilities can have dire consequences. Ex: Hurricanes Karina and Rita

5. Negative ViewsPositive views  They block progress and protect powerful local interests.  Laski- they are “poisonous and parasitic”.  Riker- It perpetuates rasicm.  Elazar- It promotes stength, flexibility and liberty.

6.  Federalism makes good & bad effects;  A. Various political groups with different purposes come to power in different places  B. Increased political activity  C. Small political units dominated by single political unit- Madison, Federalist #10

7. Section 2

8. A bold new plan to protect personal liberties. - Neither state of federal gov’t would have total authority. - - New plan had no historical precedent - - 10 th Amendment added later

9.  Article I of the Constitution: Necessary and Proper  Called elastic language because it can be interpreted several ways  Hamilton’s view- national gov’t has supremacy because Constitution is supreme law  Jefferson’s view- state’s rights with people as the ultimate sovereign

10. Section 3

11.  The Supreme Court has supported the idea that the federal government has supremacy over the states.  McCulloch v. Maryland- The Constitution’s “necessary and proper” permits Congress to create a national bank when it has the power to manage currency.

12.  The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law, that in the state’s opinion, violates the Constitution.  The ? of nullification was settled by the Civil War. The northern victory determined that the union is indissoluble and states cannot declare acts of Congress unconstitutional.

13.  Doctrine stating that the nat’l gov’t is supreme in its sphere, the states were supreme in their sphere and the two spheres should be kept separate.

14.  The Supreme Court has recognized & strengthened the power of states.  A state can do anything that is not prohibited by the Constitution & is consistent with its own constitution.  Police Power- Laws & regulations of a state that promote safety, health and morals.

15.  Gibbons v. Ogden- The Constitution’s commerce clause gives the nat’l gov’t exclusive power to regulate interstate commerce.  Wabash v. St.Louis and Pacific Railroad v. Illinois- The states may not regulate interstate commerce.  United States v. Lopez- The nat’l gov’ts power under the commerce clause doesn’t permit it to regulate matters not directly related to interstate commerce.

16. Section IV

17.  Began before the Constitution with “land grant colleges”-gave cash grants to states  Dramatically increased in scope in the 20 th century.

18.  Attractive because  A. free $ for state officials  B. federal management of $ and power to print more money at will  Requires broad congressional coalitions  Ex: federal funds for increased public safety after 9/11  Ex: Homeland Security grants

19.  1960s shift- from what states demanded to what the federal gov’t deemed important, also known as federal activism

20.  The Intergovernmental Lobby  a. Hundreds of state, local officials lobby in Washington  b. Federal agencies have staff members that provide info, tech assistance, and financial support to state and local organizations  c. The purpose of both is to get more federal $$$ with fewer strings

21. Categorical Grants Block Grants  A grant that is for a specific purpose defined by federal law. It usually has many restrictions.  Ex: build an airport, provide $ to poor mothers.  A grant that is used for a general purpose and has few restrictions.  Also called special revenue sharing or broad based aid

22. Categorical GrantsBlock Grants

23.  What are the 4 reasons why block grants and revenue sharing did not attain the goals of “no strings” or fiscal relief?  1. The amount of $ given was not as much as states expected  2. The gov’t has increased “strings attached” over time  3. Block grants are given out less than categorical grants…gives the federal gov’t more control.  4. Grants can cover a too wide area that it’s difficult to see the benefits on 1 area

24.  Conditions of aid- The federal gov’t tells the states what they must do to get $  Categorical grants are increasing while block grants are decreasing

25.  Definition- Terms set by the federal gov’t that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants.  Most mandates have to do with the environment, civil rights and lately people with disabilities  Mandates for education are the lowest in number  When the federal gov’t spends less on an issue, it squeezes the states to spend more for that purpose

26.  Examples: desegregating schools and busing...come from court orders and not federal law  Since the 1970s- the number of conditions of mandates has increased. Free money for state/local gov’t isn’t really free.

27.  The aim is to pass federal responsibilities to the states.  Ex: AFDC- Aid to Families with Dependent Children…cash assistance to poor mothers now state function

28.  2 nd Order Devolution- A flow of money & power from states to local gov’t  3 rd Order Devolution- The increased role of nonprofit organizations in policy implementation

29.  Typically, done by Republicans but increased under Pres. Clinton.  Resulted in more government rules and regulations.