2. American social development has been continually beginning over again on the Frontier. This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of American life, this expansion westward with its new opportunities, its continuous touch with the simplicity of primitive society, furnish the forces dominating American character. The true point of view in the history of this nation is not the Atlantic coast, it is the Great West. - Frederick Jackson Turner, 1893

3.  Louisiana Purchase (1803)  Lewis & Clark Expedition (1804-1806)  Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

4.  Manifest Destiny – no more  Concentration is on war

5.  Postbellum Period  People begin to move West  Known as the “Great Desert”  1900 – Heavily inhabited  Buffalo population is down by 95%  Railroads choking out Native American lands

6.  Groups of Settlers:  Miners  Cattlemen  Farmers  Miners  Gold Rush – 1848  Settled much of CA and OR  Colorado  Pike’s Peak – 1859  100,000 inhabitants  Nevada  Comstock Lode (1864)

7.  Speculators  Placer mining  Deep-shaft mining  Investment and capital  Boomtowns  Virginia City, NV  San Francisco, CA  Sacramento, CA  Denver, CO

8.  Problems in CA:  Immigration – mostly Asian  Miner’s Tax  $20/mo  ALL foreign-born miners  Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882  Eliminated immigration from China  Renewed in 1892

9.  The Cattle Frontier  Economic opportunities  Railroad  Postwar – opened up East to the West  Cow Towns  Abilene, TX  Dodge City, KS  Chicago, IL  “Long-Drive”  Chisholm Trail  Goodnight Loving Trail

10.  Conditions:  Workers  Mexican immigrants/blacks (exodusters)  $1.00/day  Farming/grazing methods  1880s – overgrazing  1885-1886 – massive drought  Killed 90% of cattle on Plains  Privatization of property  Joseph Glidden (1874)

11.  The Farming Frontier  Homestead Act of 1862  160 acres  500,000 moved west  2.5 million had to buy land from RRs  Problems:  No building materials  Extreme hot and cold  No water  Solutions:  Sodbusters – sod bricks  “Dry farming”  Russian Wheat

12. “Hurrah for Greer County! The land of the free, The land of the bedbug, grasshopper, and flea; I’ll sing of its praises, I’ll tell of its fame; While starving to death on my government claim.”

13.  Antebellum: “one big reservation”  “Indian Country” – government nomenclature  1834 – Indian Intercourse Act  Whites must have a “license” to move to the West  Changes in 1848

15.  Removal of Native Americans  65% live on Great Plains  Tribes:  Sioux  Blackfoot  Cheyenne  Crow  Comanche  Conflicts with U.S. Govt.

16.  Reservation Policy  Used to open terrain  Settlers moved West  Transcontinental RR being built  Native American philosophies:  Family  NO Private Property  U.S. government attitude towards indigenous:  Reservations!  Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851/1868)

17.  Indian Wars  November 1864 – Massacre at Sand Creek  John Chivington  “Nits make lice”  1867 – Great Sioux War  7 th Cavalry loses big!  Battle of Little Bighorn  Col. George A. Custer  Custer’s Last Stand

19.  “Assimilationists” Respond  Dawes Act (1887)  Wanted Native Americans to assimilate  Give up Ghost Dance  Become “civilized”  U.S. Govt. divides up tribal lands  47 million acres  FAILURE

21.  Battle of Wounded Knee  December 28, 1890  Wounded Knee Creek, SD  7 th Cavalry – rounds up 350 starving Sioux  Demand Sioux to give up weapons  Last of the Indian Wars

22.  Frederick Jackson Turner  “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” (1893)  Argument:  Frontier played a significant role in forming American identity  Individualism and ruggedness  West was a safety valve for East  By 1890 – West was closed

23.  In your opinion, was Reconstruction a success or a failure? Did southerners receive a “New South” or was it the same old “Reconstruction South”? In your answer be sure to discuss social, political, and economic issues that “Reconstructionists” faced during this time period.

24.  With the people around you, identify:  What this document is saying about the South?  How does the document describe the conditions in the South (social/cultural, economic, and political)?  Does this document exhibit or demonstrate the potential for a New South or is it just the Reconstruction South?

25.  Still recovering from Civil War  Henry Grady  Pro-industrialization  Pro-transcontinental RR  Atlanta Constitution article

26.  Economic Process  Cities  Birmingham, AL  Major symbol of “New South”  Steel center  Richmond, VA  Tobacco center  Memphis, TN  Lumber capitol

27.  CHEAP LABOR!  Textile industry  Georgia, SC, and NC  Made more cloth and textiles than New England  1865 – 12 small cotton mills  1900 – 400 cotton mills  100,000 workers

28.  Continued Poverty  Mostly agriculture  Poorest region in the country  Northern investors controlled ¾ of RRs  Money went to bankers and to the North – not Southerners  Poverty caused by:  Late entry into industrialization  Poorly educated work force

29.  Agriculture  Cotton prices drop drastically  Farmers lost lands  Per capita income declined  By 1900 – 50% of whites were tenant farmers – 75% blacks  George Washington Carver

30.  Farmers Unite!  1890 – Farmers’ Southern Alliance  1 million members  Colored Farmers’ Southern Alliance  250,000 members  Both wanted political and economic reforms  Poor whites and black united for a common goal

31.  Segregation  1877 – Federal troops exit South  No more protection for blacks  Democrats come into local power  White supremacy  Separate races  KKK

32.  Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)  Jim Crow Laws  Grandfather clause  Poll tax  Literacy tests  Voting numbers fall  Louisiana  1896 – 130,334  1904 – 1,342