1. Introduction History Fig. 1 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 3)

2. The beginnings: "archaic mobile communication" visual transmission (smoke/light signals,...) audible transmission (drums, horns,...) Electronic communication: "terrestrial network" Telegraph 1st telegraph line 1843 Washington - Baltimore Telephone P. Reis 1861 A.G. Bell 1876 World Exhibition Philadelphia Radio transmission: 1873 Maxwell‘s theory of electromagn. waves 1887 H. Hertz: experimental proof 1895 Marconi: 1st wireless transmission 1901 1st transatlantic transmission 1903 Dt. Telefunken GmbH: AEG, Siemens& Halske 1906 1st speech and sound transmission 1909 1st radio broadcast 1917 1st mobile transmission: radio station - train History of Mobile Communications Fig. 2 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 5)

3. Simplex Connection: transmit or receive Duplex Connection: simultaneous transmission and reception Over Fig. 3 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 7)

4. Car telephone service Since the late 40‘s Low service and speech quality Heavy, bulky and expensive equipment Small coverage area No handover Manual exchange Low capacity First Mobile Services: Single Cell Systems: Fig. 4 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 9)

5. Quantum Leap in Mobile Communications: Single Cell Systems  Cellular Systems radius r re-use distance r Single Cell System Cellular System Fig. 5 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 11)

6. First Generation Cellular Mobile Radio Systems Fig. 6 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 13)

7. 2nd Quantum Leap: Analog (1st Generation)  Digital (2nd Generation) Different Generations of Mobile Stations Second generation GSM mobile telephones Second generation GSM mobile telephones Digital GSM technology. Terminal devices are handier and have greater battery capacity. Digital GSM technology. Terminal devices were less bulky, but still too heavy (battery capacity problems). Analog technology. Terminal devices were bulky and heavy. First generation mobile telephones for fixed vehicle installation and analog mobile telephones Fig. 7 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 15)

8. Subscriber trends (Example): Germany 1978 - 2000 B-network introduction C-network introduction GSM (D1, D2) introduction GSM (Eplus) introduction GSM (E2) introduction Fig. 8 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 17)

9.  Capacity  Quality  Incompatibility European mobile communication market early 90‘s 1G Limitations Fig. 9 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 19)

10. Introduction GSM Global System for Mobile Communications Fig. 10 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 21)

11. GSM Milestones 1978CEPT reserves 2 x 25 MHz in 900 MHz range 1982CEPT founds "Groupe Special Mobile" GSM 1984-86Comparison of technical possibilities Goals:- free roaming - international accessibility under 1 number (international roaming) - large network capacity (bandwidth efficiency) - flexibility  ISDN - broad service offering - security mechanisms 1986Core of experts meets continuously 1987Selection of central transmission techniques Memorandum of Understanding: MoU 1988ETSI founded 1989GSM  Global System for Mobile Communication 1990GSM900 Standard (phase 1) 1991DCS1800 adaptation Trials / "friendly user" operation 1992Start of commercial operation 1993Beginning of work on phase 2 1995Completion of work on phase 2 (GSM900/DCS1800) Reservation of GSM-R frequencies (ETSI) 1996PCS1900 adaptation (USA) Fig. 11 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 23)

12. 1997Phase 2+: Annual Release `96 DCS1800 / PCS1900  GSM1800 / GSM1900 Dual-band devices GSM: practical world standard (109 countries/regions; 28 % market share) 1998Phase 2+: Annual Release `97: GPRS, CAMEL,.... First GSM-R networks World-wide accessibility using dual mode GSM/IRIDIUM 35 % of world market 1999Phase 2+: Annual Release ‘98 250 M. subscriber, 130 countries 2000Phase 2+: Annual Release ‘99: AMR, VHE,... identical to UMTS Rel. ‘99 60% of world market; 410 M. subscriber, 161 countries GSM Milestones Fig. 12 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 25)

13. GSM Recommendation MSC PSTN ISDN BSSMS Series 01: General Series 02: Service Aspects Series 03: Network Aspects Register Series 04: MS/BS Interface & Protocols Series 05: Um Radio Transmission Series 06: Speech Coding Series 067: Terminal Adaptors for MS Series 08: MSC-BSS Interface Series 09: Network Interworking Series 10: Service Interworking Series 11: Equipment & Type Approval Specifications Series 12: Operation & Maintenance 12 Series; each max. 100 Rec.: e.g. GSM Rec. 08.07 Fig. 13 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 27)

14. Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 1 Phase 2+ Phase 2 Phase 1 Services Year 199119951997 Full Rate Speech (FR), Standard services Data: max. 9.6 kbit/s New services e.g. MTPy, CUG, AoC; Half Rate Speech (HR) New services e.g. ASCI, SOR, UUS EFR; IN: CAMEL Data: HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE (> 100 kbit/s) Annual Releases ! GSM: Evolutionary Concept Downward compatibility MTPy: CUG: AoC: ASCI: SOR: UUS: EFR: IN: CAMEL: HSCSD: GPRS: EDGE: Multiparty Service Closed User Group Advice of Charge Advanced Speech Call Items Support of Optimal Routing User to User Signalling Enhanced Full Rate Speech Intelligent Network Customized Applications for Mobile network Enhanced Logic High Speed Circuit Switched Data General Packet Radio Service Enhanced Data Rates for the GSM Evolution Fig. 14 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 29)

15. 876880 890 GSM 900 915921925 935 9601710178518051850 1880 191019301990[MHz] GSM 900 E-GSM GSM 1800 GSM 1800 GSM 1900 GSM-R GSM - Adaptations GSM 1900 Fig. 15 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 31)

16. GSM-PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) Example: Germany Competition concept: different network operators, providers and manufacturers D1 Telekom D2 Mannesmann Eplus E2 Viag Intercom Fig. 16 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 33)

17. Introduction Current Situation, Market & Trends Fig. 17 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 35)

18. analogue cordless telephone systems e.g. CT1, CT1+ digital paging systems e.g. ERMES analogue paging systems e.g. Citycall Cordless telephone booth digital cordless telephone systems e.g. DECT, PACS, PHP analogue Private Mobile Radio PMR Wireless Local Loop WLL digital PMR e.g. TETRA digital cellular systems e.g. GSM, D-AMPS, PDC, IS-95 digital satellite systems e.g. IRIDIUM, ICO, Globalstar analogue cellular systems e.g. C450, NMT, AMPS analogue satellite systems e.g. INMARSAT Current Mobile Communication Systems Differences: target groups services offered prices coverage degree of mobility transmission technique... 1G 2G Fig. 18 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 37)

19. Cellular Systems First generation: C450 NMT - Nordic Mobile Telephone TACS - Total Access Communications System AMPS - Advanced Mobile Phone System Second generation: Fig. 19 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 39)

20. Supply to/ in case of: - inaccessible, underpopulated areas - poor infrastructure - high seas - catastrophe areas - failure of other supplies Supply to/ in case of: - inaccessible, underpopulated areas - poor infrastructure - high seas - catastrophe areas - failure of other supplies GEO GEostationary Orbit 10,000 - 20,000 km 700 - 1,500 km MEO Medium Earth Orbit approx. 36,000 km LEO Low Earth Orbit Mobile Satellite Systems MSS HEO High Elliptic Orbit 1G: MARISAT (USA) since 1976 INMARSAT (International Maritime Satellite Organisation): since 1979; > 80 member countries 4 GEO satellites; global access 2G: Iridium, ICO, Globalstar private MSS operator speech- & low data rate services Earth Fig. 20 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 41)

21. Subscriber trends: 1980 - 2000 1G Introduction Single cell systems 2G Introduction Fig. 21 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 43)

22. UMTS Forum Report #1 Trends & Outlook Subscriber [M.] Year Fig. 22 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 45)

23. Trend: Voice  Data Mobile Trends Source: UMTS Forum Requirements: high data rates user-friendliness improved service offering cost reduction worldwide accessibility GSM Phase 2+ data rates > 100 kbit/s mobile computing, Internet new, integrating ME new flexible services + IN satellite roaming & much more Fig. 23 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 47)

24. Mobile subscriber (total) Mobile subscriber all applications from voice to Multimedia Mobile subscriber Speech only/ low data rates Mobile communication forecast (Europa) mobile Multi Media: Start with GSM Ph2+ Breakthrough: 3G (UMTS) Source: UMTS-Forum Fig. 24 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 49)

25. e.g. UMTS, cdma2000, UWC-136 2G (digital) Paging Systems e.g. ERMES Cordless Telephone e.g. DECT, PACS, PHS Wireless Local Loops WLL PMR e.g. TETRA Cellular systems e.g. GSM, D-AMPS, IS-95, PDC MSS e.g. IRIDIUM, ICO, Globalstar 1G (analog) Cordless Telephone e.g. CT1, 1+ Paging Systems, e.g. City Call wireless Telephone cell Private Mobile Radio PMR Cellular systems e.g. C450, NMT, AMPS MSS e.g. INMARSAT 3G 1 family of standards for all applications countries different, incompatible standards for different applications, countries & regions IMT-2000 Fig. 25 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 51)

26. Zone 4: Global Zone 3: Suburban / Rural Zone 2: Urban Zone 1: Indoor Pico Cell Micro Cell Macro Cell MSS max. data rate 144 kbit/s 384 kbit/s 2048 kbit/s 144 kbit/s UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System cellularMSScellularMSS 1885 2010 2110 1980 2025 2170 2200 Frequency range [MHz] Fig. 26 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 53)