1. 9-Apr-2012 Fanny Mlinarsky octoScope, Inc.
Wireless Networks in the Factory Introduction: Fundamentals of Wireless
9-Apr-2012
Fanny Mlinarsky
octoScope, Inc.

2. Contents
Radio technologies Radio propagation Frequency bands

3. Wireless Technologies
Standards based
Proprietary
Baby monitor
Smoke detector
Alarm panel
Cordless phone
Smart meter
Throughout this seminar we will focus on the unlicensed wireless market. Wireless products fall into 2 categories: standards based and proprietary.
Among standards-based services, IEEE (or Wi-Fi) is the most mature. Today almost all laptops, netbooks and now smart phones have Wi-Fi interfaces and this trend is expected to continue for some time to come.
Bluetooth is another highly successful standards based technology now incorporated into nearly every phone and into more than a billion headsets. And these two popular technologies (Wi-Fi and Bluetooth) are becoming intertwined with the latest release of Bluetooth now able to run over Wi-Fi to send large data, music and video files. And chipsets supporting both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are starting to appear on the market.
WiMedia is intended for short-range high data rate links such as wireless USB and HD video transport. WiMedia has not yet gained a widespread market acceptance.
ZigBee is an emerging standard positioned to address low data rate applications, such as smart grid, medical equipment and sensor networks. ZigBee is contending for this market with highly optimized proprietary solutions.
Proprietary wireless solutions range from smart phones to baby monitors to garage openers and motion detectors. Over 200M proprietary devices are in use today in the US alone. Optimized for long battery life, long range and low cost, proprietary solutions compete with the emerging ZigBee based systems in applications such as smart metering and industrial controls.
Motion detector
Flood/water detector

4. Personal GSM, WCDMA, LTE 802.15 Bluetooth ZigBee 60 GHz UWB
Wide (3GPP* based)
TVWS
802.22
802.11af
Regional
NAN
Metro
WiMAX
802.11ad
Standards based unlicensed protocols in use today are dominated by the IEEE standards.
In the following few slides will discuss the highly successful protocol for local area networking (LAN) and then we will look at the increasingly important protocol for personal area networking (PAN).
We will also mention the based WiMAX protocol, which has enjoyed some success in the Metropolitan area networking market (MAN) and which is now morphing into the Wide Area Networking market (WAN). The WAN market is dominated by 3GPP standards. In-between MAN and WAN we have the emerging Regional Area Networking technologies (RAN) operating in the UHF spectrum known as TV white spaces (TVWS). The RAN standardization efforts have began under , and now with emergence of white spaces regulations the work has extended to TGaf where TV band standardization of based protocol is moving fast. More on this emerging technology in later slides.
The Wide Area Networking standards were brought to us by the cellular community working within 3GPP. Please reference our LTE seminar for more details on LTE and related WAN standards. The link is provided at the bottom of the slide.
So, as already mentioned has been a highly successful standard that has gained world-wide acceptance and is now further propelled by the economies of scale to spread from its traditional local area networking domain to the MAN and PAN markets.
Wi-Fi
LAN = local area networking
PAN = personal area networking
MAN = metropolitan area networking
WAN = wide area networking
NAN = neighborhood area network
RAN = regional area networking
TVWS = television white spaces
3GPP = 3rd generation partnership project
Local

5. White Space Technologies
GPS Satellite
DB 1
DB 2
Mode II Device
Geolocation
Source: Neal Mellen, TDK
Available channels
DB 3
Mode I Device

6. Near Field Communications (NFC)
Key benefit: simplicity of use
No configuration by user; data stored in NFC tag automatically triggers application
Use cases include
Poster
NFC tag in the poster automatically triggers the appropriate application in the reading device (e.g. URL stored in poster opens browser on handset)
Mobile payments
Pay with NFC phones at any POS terminal
Store vouchers and coupons in NFC phones
Authentication, access control
Unlock car doors
Secure building access
Secure PC log-in
Poster
Point of Sale (POS) terminal for mobile payments

7. Common Access Protocols
TDMA (time division multiple access)
AMPS, GSM
CDMA (code division multiple access)
CDMA, W-CDMA, CDMA-2000
SDMA (space division multiple access)
MIMO, beamforming, sectorized antennas
FDMA (frequency division multiple access)
OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing)
OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiple access)

8. Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard
CDMA 8

9. … User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4 User 5 FDMA OFDM Power Power
Multiple orthogonal carriers
Channel
Frequency
Frequency
TDMA …
Time
User 1
User 2
User 3
User 4
User 5

10. OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
Multiple orthogonal carriers
Wi-Fi
WiMAX
LTE
Voltage
Frequency
OFDM is the most robust signaling scheme for a hostile wireless channel
Works well in the presence of multipath thanks to multi-tone signaling and cyclic prefix (aka guard interval)
OFDM is used in all new wireless standards, including
802.11a, g and draft ac, ad
802.16d,e;
DVB-T, DVB-H, DAB
LTE is the first 3GPP standard to adopt OFDM
The basic principle of OFDM is to split a high-rate data stream into a number of parallel low-rate data streams, each a narrowband signal carried by a subcarrier.
The different narrowband streams are generated in the frequency domain and then combined to form the broadband stream using a mathematical algorithm called an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) that is implemented in digital-signal processors.
The system is called orthogonal, because the subcarriers are generated as orthogonal in the frequency domain and the IFFT conserves that characteristic. OFDM
systems may lose their orthogonal nature as a result of the Doppler shift induced by the speed of the transmitter or the receiver.
DVB = digital video broadcasting
DVB-T = DVB terrestrial
DVB-H = DVB handheld
DAB = digital audio broadcasting
LTE = long term evolution

11. FDMA vs. OFDMA OFDMA is more frequency efficient than traditional FDMA
Orthogonal subcarriers require no guard bands
Channel
Guard band
FDMA
OFDMA

12. OFDMA LTE OFDM is a modulation scheme
OFDMA is a modulation and access scheme
Time
LTE
Time
Frequency
Multiple Access
Frequency allocation per user is continuous vs. time
Frequency per user is dynamically allocated vs. time slots
User 1
User 2
User 3
User 4
User 5
OFDM = orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
OFDMA = orthogonal frequency division multiple access

13. OFDMA Resource Allocation
180 kHz, 12 subcarriers with normal CP
User 2
User 3
User 2
User 1
0.5 ms
7 symbols with normal CP
LTE
User 2
User 3
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 3
User 3
User 2
Time
User 2
User 1
User 3
User 2
User 1
User 1
User 3
User 1
Resource Block (RB)
Frequency
Resources are allocated per user in time and frequency. RB is the basic unit of allocation.
RB is 180 kHz by 0.5 ms; typically 12 subcarriers by 7 OFDM symbols, but the number of subcarriers and symbols can vary based on CP
CP = cyclic prefix, explained ahead

14. Resource Block … … … … LTE
A resource block (RB) is a basic unit of access allocation. RB bandwidth per slot (0.5 ms) is 12 subcarriers times 15 kHz/subcarrier equal to 180 kHz.
LTE
1 slot, 0.5 ms …
Resource block 12 subcarriers … …
Subcarrier (frequency)
The multiple-access aspect of OFDMA comes from being able to assign different users
different subcarriers over time. A minimum resource block that the system can assign to
a user transmission consists of 12 subcarriers over 14 symbols (approx 1.0 msec.)
Resource Element
1 subcarrier
QPSK: 2 bits
16 QAM: 4 bits
64 QAM: 6 bits
1 subcarrier v …
Time

15. Scalable Channel Bandwidth
Channel bandwidth in MHz
Transmission bandwidth in RBs
LTE
Center subcarrier (DC)
By having control over which subcarriers are assigned in which sectors, LTE can control frequency reuse. By using all the subcarriers in each sector, the system would
operate at a frequency reuse of 1; but by using a different one third of the subcarriers in each sector, the system achieves a looser frequency reuse of 1/3. The looser frequency reduces overall spectral efficiency but delivers high peak rates to users.
Channel bw
1.4 3 5 10 15 20
1.08
2.7
4.5 9
13.5 18 6 25 50 75
100
MHz
Transmission bw
# RBs per slot
RB = resource block

16. FDD vs. TDD TD-LTE FDD (frequency division duplex) Paired channels
TDD (time division duplex)
Single frequency channel for uplink an downlink
Is more flexible than FDD in its proportioning of uplink vs. downlink bandwidth utilization
Can ease spectrum allocation issues
TD-LTE DL
Most WCDMA and HSDPA deployments are based on FDD, where the operator uses different radio bands for transmit and receive. An alternate approach is TDD, in which
both transmit and receive functions alternate in time on the same radio channel.
Many data applications are asymmetric, with the downlink consuming more bandwidth than the uplink, especially for applications like Web browsing or multimedia downloads. A TDD radio interface can dynamically adjust the downlink-to-uplink ratio accordingly, hence balancing both forward-link and reverse-link capacity.
TDD systems require network synchronization and careful coordination between operators or guard bands. UL DL UL

17. Contents
Radio technologies Radio propagation Frequency bands

18. Wireless Channel … Frequency and time variable wireless channel
Multipath creates a sum of multiple versions of the TX signal at the RX
Frequency …
Channel Quality
Frequency-variable channel appears flat over the narrow band of an OFDM subcarrier.
OFDM = orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

19. Wireless Channel Multipath clusters Composite angular spread
Per path angular spread
Composite angular spread
Line of sight
Multipath and Doppler fading in the channel

20. Path Loss and Multipath
Devices supporting antenna diversity or MIMO help mitigate the effects of multipath.
In a wireless channel the signal propagating from TX to RX experiences fading and multipath
Free space loss (flat fading) increases vs. frequency
Fading can be ‘flat’ or it can have multipath components
Loss (dB) = 20 * Log10 (frequency in MHz) + 20 * Log10 (distance in miles)
Multipath can be caused by mobile or stationary reflectors.
Path loss in free space
Distance
5.8 GHz
2.4 GHz
915 MHz
160 feet
81 dB
74 dB
65 dB
Signal impairments in a wireless channels include flat fading (aka attenuation), multipath and Doppler fading.
Multipath is caused by multiple versions of the transmitted signal formed by reflections from stationary and mobile objects. When multiple versions of the signal add out of phase, a null is formed. A typical multipath component of a received waveform is shown in the lower right plot and an example of a 15 dB flat fading component is shown below it. Of course, typically receive signal exhibits flat, multipath and doppler fading – all superimposed. When reflectors are mobile the nulls in the multipath components shift around in time and this effect is known as doppler fading. A common way of dealing with the nulls resulting from multipath is by receiving the signal using a variety of multiple antenna techniques. These techniques range from simple antenna diversity to MIMO. More on this later.
Flat fading increases as a function of frequency and this relationship is given by the formula on the left. A number of times through this presentation we mentioned that lower frequency spectrum exhibits lower losses and hence provides for higher operating range. So here are some numerical examples showing that a 915 MHz signal exhibits 9 dB less loss than a 2.4 GHz signal and 16 dB less loss than a 5.8 GHz signal.
As a rule of thumb, given typical impairments in a wireless channel
~6-9 dB of link budget increase typically doubles the outdoor range
~9-12 dB of link budget increase typically doubles the indoor range (more multipath indoors, eating up the link budget)
Multipath fading component
+10 dB
0 dB
In ideal free space propagation, range doubles for every 6 dB of path loss.
Typically 6-9 dB of increase in link budget doubles outdoor range and 9-12 dB increase in link budget doubles indoor range.
-15 dB flat fading component
Time
MIMO = multiple input multiple output

21. Cyclic Prefix ↔ Guard Interval
Guard interval > delay spread in the channel
Useful data TS
copy
The OFDM symbol is extended by repeating the end of the symbol in the beginning. This extension is called the Cyclic Prefix (CP) or Guard Interval (GI).
CP is a guard interval that allows multipath reflections from the previous symbol to settle prior to receiving the current symbol. CP has to be greater than the delay spread in the channel.
CP minimizes Intersymbol Interference (ISI) and Inter Carrier Interference (ICI) making the data easier to recover.
The composite signal is obtained after the IFFT is extended by repeating the initial part of the signal (called the Cyclic Prefix [CP]). This extended signal represents an OFDM
symbol. The CP is basically a guard time during which reflected signals will reach the receiver. It results in an almost complete elimination of Intersymbol Interference (ISI),
which otherwise makes extremely high data rate transmissions problematic.

22. Multiple Antenna Techniques
SISO (Single Input Single Output)
Traditional radio
MISO (Multiple Input Single Output)
Transmit diversity (STBC, SFBC, CDD)
SIMO (Single Input Multiple Output)
Receive diversity, MRC
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
SM to transmit multiple streams simultaneously; can be used in conjunction with CDD; works best in high SNR environments and channels de-correlated by multipath
TX and RX diversity, used independently or together; used to enhance throughput in the presence of adverse channel conditions
Beamforming
LTE uses a variety of multiple antenna techniques. Sometimes we loosely refer to these as MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output). MIMO enables spatial multiplexing whereby multiple streams of data (called layers in LTE) are transmitted in the same channel simultaneously. Spatial Multiplexing is only possible in a decorrelated channel and with multiple transmitters and receivers.
In addition to Spatial Multiplexing, Multiple antenna techniques include transmit and receive diversity in MISO, SIMO and MIMO configurations. Spatial Multiplexing typically requires high signal to noise ratio (SNR) conditions. In the presence of low SNR or excessive doppler, multiple transmitters can be used for transmit diversity such as Cyclic Delay Diversity CDD and multiple receivers can be used for receive diversity techniques such ash MRC maximal ratio combining. Both transmit and receive diversity can be used simultaneously, further improving the robustness of the channel. While spatial multiplexing of 2 layers has the potential of doubling the data rate, diversity techniques use multiple radios for redundant transmission of a single stream and hence have lower theoretical throughout. LTE MIMO radios can dynamically select Spatial Multiplexing in channel conditions that are suitable for this and then switch to transmit and receive diversity when channel conditions deteriorate.
SM = spatial multiplexing
SFBC = space frequency block coding
STBC = space time block coding
CDD = cyclic delay diversity
MRC = maximal ratio combining
SM = Spatial Multiplexing
SNR = signal to noise ratio

23. NxM
MIMO systems are typically described as NxM, where N is the number of transmitters and M is the number of receivers. TX RX
2x2
MIMO radio channel
2x2 radio

24. Fresnel Zone r D r = radius in feet D = distance in miles
Source: Wikipedia
r = radius in feet
D = distance in miles
f = frequency in GHz
Fresnel zone is the shape of electromagnetic signal and is a function of frequency
The higher the frequency the smaller the radius of the Fresnel zone
Constricting Fresnel zone introduces attenuation and signal distortion
Fresnel zone considerations favor higher frequencies, but path loss considerations favor lower frequencies of operation
Example: D = 0.5 mile
r = 30 feet for 700 MHz
r = 16 feet for 2.4 GHz
r = 10 feet for 5.8 GHz
Another factor limiting operating range is Fresnel zone of the signal. Fresnel zone is a function of signal frequency and distance. The lower the frequency the larger the diameter of Fresnel Zone and the more vulnerable the signal is to common obstructions, such as trees or metal frames of buildings in the city. Although lower frequencies exhibit lower propagation losses, they also exhibit wider Fresnel zones as shown by the examples on the right. So when a 700 MHz signal propagates through a metal frame of a typical building in a city, its Fresnel zone will be constricted more than that of a higher frequency signal.

25. Contents
Radio technologies Radio propagation Frequency bands

26. Key Unlicensed Services
Standards-based
Key Unlicensed Services
proprietary
IEEE (Wi-Fi) operates in the ISM-2400 and ISM-5800 bands and in the 5800 UNII band; recently standardized for contention band
IEEE (WiMAX) operates in the UNII/ISM band and in the MHz contention band
This is a partial view of the US spectrum allocation with the unlicensed bands highlighted. Proprietary services are marked in yellow. Standards based services are marked in blue. In the background is the US spectrum allocation chart which you can find at the link shown in the bottom of the slide.
The ISM-900 band, aka 915 MHz band is a valuable band because it is relatively wide (26 MHz in the US) and, being lower in frequency than other unlicensed bands, exhibits lower propagation losses, enabling long range transmission.
Long used by consumer devices such as cordless phones, garage openers and baby monitors, this band is now assuming a higher importance for new wireless applications involving smart metering and industrial controls.
The 2.4 GHz ISM band is heavily used by Wi-Fi and Bluetooth and due to its heavy use services in this band are known to interfere with one another. For this reason a/n networks are being deployed more and more in the 5 GHz band where we have 23 channels available in the US. The 5 GHz band is subdivided into several sub-bands subject to slightly different restrictions. More on this later.
The 3650 to 3700 band is known as a ‘lightly licensed’ band or ‘contention band’ and only allows devices that implement contention protocol. This band was originally allocated for Wi-Fi but (WiMAX) has also adapted its protocol to operate here. Today only WiMAX services operate in this band.
Cordless phones are found in virtually all unlicensed bands, all the way up to the 5 GHz band.
Ultra wide band (UWB) spans 7.5 GHz from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. Devices in this band are restricted in signal strength to operate in the noise floor of other services. And hence UWB is relegated to short range links.
In the following slides we will cover spectrum regulations and wireless services in more detail.
UWB based WiMedia is a short-range network operating in the noise floor of other services
ISM-900 traditionally used for consumer devices such as cordless phones, garage openers and baby monitors, now also used on smart meters
FCC spectrum allocation chart
Cordless phones

27. Unlicensed Bands and Services
Medical devices
Remote control
Frequency range
Bandwidth
Band
Notes
– MHz
1.74 MHz
ISM
Europe
420–450 MHz
30 MHz
Amateur US
MHz
2 MHz
902–928 MHz
26 MHz
ISM-900
Region 2
2.4–2.5 GHz
100 MHz
ISM-2400
International allocations (see slides 7, 8 for details)
5.15–5.35 GHz
200 MHz
UNII-1,2
5.47–5.725 GHz
255 MHz
UNII-2 ext.
5.725–5.875 GHz
150 MHz
ISM-5800
UNII-3
24–24.25 GHz
250 MHz
US, Europe
57-64 GHz GHz
7 GHz
RFID and other unlicensed services
Smart meters, remote control, baby monitors, cordless phones
802.11b/g/n, Bluetooth
(Bluetooth, ZigBee), cordless phones
802.11a/n, cordless phones
European analog of the ISM-900 band
Americas, Australia, Israel
This is a high level summary of the international unlicensed band allocations starting in the 400 MHz range.
No license is required to transmit in the ISM and UNII radio bands, but the equipment operating in these bands must meet regional regulatory requirements. The amount of spectrum is limited, and each band eventually fills up, forcing new users to higher bands.
If you look up and down this table, you will notice the trend towards wider channels at higher frequencies. Over time, as information content gets richer, wireless services expand to higher frequencies where more spectrum is available.
The 800/900 MHz band is favored by manufacturers of low cost proprietary products because this band is available world-wide opening large markets for consumer products. Recently this band has started to attract attention of vendors addressing the emerging smart metering and industrial control applications.
The 2.4 and 5 GHz ISM and UNII bands enjoy broad international allocation and are heavily used by services as well as Bluetooth.
The 24 GHz ISM band is available in the US and internationally and is commonly used for speed radars
And the ISM spectrum in the 60 GHz region is targeted for use by the emerging short range high definition video and other applications requiring high throughput
Emerging ad
c, ECMA-387
WirelessHD
ISM = industrial, scientific and medical
UNII = unlicensed national information infrastructure

28. 4 Watt for PtMP, 200 Watt for PtP
ISM and UNII Bands
Band
Freq. Range (MHz)
Bandwidth (MHz)
Max Power
Max EIRP
ISM-900 26
1 Watt
4 Watt (+36 dBm)
ISM-2400
83.5
4 Watt for PtMP, 200 Watt for PtP
ISM-5800
125
200 W (+53 dBm)
UNII-1
100
50 mW
200 mW
UNII-2
250 mW
UNII-2 ext
5470–5725
255
UNII-3/ISM
200 Watt
For frequency hopping services regulatory requirements also include dwell times, which impact the power spectrum.
To operate in the 5 GHz bands radios must comply with the DFS and TPC protocol of h.
This table focuses in on the ISM and UNII bands and their power limits as defined by the FCC. EIRP (equivalent isotropically radiated power) includes the antenna gain and has a higher limit than the power at the output of the transmitter. EIRP limits are higher because the signal radiates isotropically in all directions. In some cases point to point power is allowed to be higher than point to multipoint to maximize the distance between two radio nodes. For point to point transmission, beamforming is sometimes used to focus all the energy in the direction of the target radio node.
EIRP = equivalent isotropically radiated power
PtMP = point to multipoint
PtP = point to point
DFS = Dynamic Frequency Selection
TPC = Transmitter Power Control

29. UHF Spectrum MHz US (FCC) White Spaces
CH 52-59, MHz
UHF Spectrum A
B C
D E A
B C
Acquired by AT&T
Band17
Band17
US (FCC) White Spaces
54-72, 76-88, , MHz
Band12
Band12
Low 700 MHz band
European (ECC) White Spaces ( MHz)
MHz
High 700 MHz band A B A B
CH 60-69, MHz
ECC = Electronic Communications Committee

30. High 700 MHz Band D-Block MHz 758 763 775 788 793 805 Band 13 Band 13
Guard band
Guard band
Public Safety Broadband ( , MHz)
Public Safety Narrowband ( , MHz), local LMR
LMR = land mobile radio

31. LTE Frequency Bands - FDD
Source: 3GPP TS ; V ( )
Band
Uplink (UL)
Downlink (DL)
Regions  1
MHz
MHz
Europe, Asia  2
MHz
MHz
Americas, Asia  3
MHz
MHz
Europe, Asia, Americas  4
MHz
MHz
Americas  5
MHz
MHz  6
MHz
MHz
Japan  7
MHz
MHz  8
MHz
MHz  9
MHz
MHz 10
MHz 11
MHz
MHz 12
MHz
MHz 13
MHz
MHz
Americas (Verizon) 14
MHz
MHz
Americas (D-Block, public safety) 17
MHz
MHz
Americas (AT&T) 18
815 – 830 MHz
860 – 875 MHz 19
830 – 845 MHz
875 – 890 MHz 20
832 – 862 MHz
791 – 821 MHz 21
– MHz
– MHz
This table shows the FDD bands that are allocated in different regions of the world. The regions are shown in right column. FDD spectrum is paired spectrum, so for each channel we have the uplink band and the downlink band. The FDD frequency range spans from around 700 MHz to just under 2700 MHz.

32. LTE Frequency Bands - TDD
TD-LTE
Band
UL and DL
Regions 33
MHz
Europe, Asia (not Japan) 34
MHz
Europe, Asia 35
MHz 36
MHz 37
MHz 38
MHz
Europe 39
MHz
China 40
2300 – 2400 MHz 41
2496 – 2690 MHz
Americas (Clearwire LTE) 42
3400 – 3600 MHz 43
3600 – 3800 MHz
The TDD bands are generally higher in frequency than the FDD channels. One reason for this is that TDD bands are more recent allocations. FDD bands have also been allocated for use by 3G. The TDD frequency range is from 1850 to 2620 MHz.
Source: 3GPP TS ; V ( )

33. WiMAX Frequency Bands - TDD
Band Class
(GHz)
BW (MHZ)
Bandwidth Certification Group Code (BCG) 1
8.75
1.A
5 AND 10
1.B 2 ,
3.5
2.A (Obsolete, replaced by 2.D) 5
2.B (Obsolete, replaced by 2.D) 10
2.C (Obsolete, replaced by 2.D)
3.5 AND 5 AND 10
2.D 3
3.A 4
4.A 7
4.B
4.C
5.A
5.B
5.C
5 AND 7 AND 10
7.A
8 MHz
7.F
WiMAX Forum Mobile Certification Profile v1.1.0
A universal frequency step size of 250 KHz is recommended for all band classes, while 200 KHz step size is also recommended for band class 3 in Europe.

34. WiMAX Frequency Bands - FDD
Source: WiMAX Forum Mobile Certification Profile R1 5 v1.3.0
Band Class
(GHz)BW (MHZ)
Duplexing Mode BS
Duplexing Mode MS
MS Transmit Band (MHz)
BS Transmit Band (MHz)
Certification Group Code 2
,  
2x3.5 AND 2x5 AND 2x10
FDD
HFDD
2.E**
5 UL, 10 DL
2.F** 3
2x5 AND 2x10
3.B 5
2x5 AND 2x7 AND 2x10
5.D 6
FDD
6.A
2x5 AND 2x10 AND
Optional 2x20 MHz
6.B
2x5 AND 2x10 MHz
6.C 7
7.B
2x5
AND
AND
7.C
2x10
7.D
5 AND 7 AND 10 (TDD),
2x5 AND 2x7 AND 2x10 (H-FDD)
TDD or FDD
Dual Mode TDD/H-FDD
7.E*
7.G 8
TDD
5 AND 10
TDD
, , ,
8.A

35. Global Unlicensed Bands Summary
Frequency Band
Considerations
433 MHz
Supported by most regions; < 2 MHz of bandwidth available;
voice, video, audio and continuous data transmission are not allowed in US; commonly used for keyless entry systems and remote control
868 /915 MHz
Single design takes care of 80% of the market, including Europe, US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and other regions; long range and lower power consumption than in 2.4 GHz and higher frequency bands
2.4 GHz
Popular international band; tends to be busy with interference from Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and cordless phones
5.8 GHz
High cost and power consumption; low range compared to sub-1 GHz bands
60 GHz
Suitable for emerging uncompressed video and high speed short range data networking applications; high power consumption and high cost expected
And here’s a very high level summary of the important unlicensed bands.
What makes a band important? First, its availability worldwide that enables manufacturers to sell to big markets; second regulations that allow commercially suitable applications.
To this end, the most widely used bands today are 2.4 and 5 GHz Wi-Fi bands. However, the 868/915 MHz band is gaining in importance because it has sufficient bandwidth to support common proprietary protocols world-wide and because of its increasing use for smart metering, an important emerging application. This band offers longer range than the Wi-Fi bands and for this reason enables more efficient use of battery power.
The 433 MHz band, also available world-wide but with limited frequency range, is used primarily for simple applications, such as automotive keyless entry and remote control.
The 60 GHz band makes available very wide channels of 7 GHz in most regulatory domains and is suitable for very high speed transmission, for example for uncompressed high definition video transmission. However, due to high propagation losses and somewhat inefficient power amplifier technology for such high frequencies, this band may be relegated to short range networking for some time to come.

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