1. Fathers’ work-family conflict: analysis of European Social Survey data Svetlana Speight & Sara Connolly Margaret O’Brien, Eloise Poole, Matthew Aldrich July 2014, ESRC Research Methods Festival, Oxford Note: The findings in this presentation are preliminary – please do not quote without authors’ permission

2. Outline About the study Theoretical background Data, measures & hypotheses Findings Discussion The findings in this presentation are preliminary – please do not quote without authors’ permission

3. About the study Part of a larger study Fathers, Work and Families in Twenty-first Century Britain: Beyond the Breadwinner Model? Funded by the ESRC as part of SDAI Phase 1 Collaboration between NatCen, UEA and TCRU

4. Policy and research context Work-family policy development: main focus on women and mothers, but… Acceleration of father-targeted policies since mid-1990s ‘Fatherhood regimes’ emerging –Fatherhood rights and obligations regulated by policy (e.g. paternity leave and pay) –Promotion of a participative father

5. Wider context Employment and working conditions –Intensification, flexibilisation, increase in job insecurity, economic crisis Female/maternal employment rates Gender roles at home –Housework and childcare ‘The incomplete revolution’ (Esping- Andersen, 2009)

6. The new ‘male mystique’ From Aumann K, Galinsky E & Matos K, 2011:

7. Theoretical background

8. Concepts Work-to-family conflict (WFC) Family-to-work conflict (FWC) Work-life balance (WLB) –Problems of definition and measurement

9. Theoretical background Role theory (Greenhaus & Beutell, 1985) Ecological systems theory Demands and resources approach (Voydanoff, 2005) The stress of higher status hypothesis (Schieman et al. 2006, 2009)

10. Societal-level factors Type of production regime –Coordinated v liberal market economy –Labour rights standards Welfare regime: support for dual earner/dual carer model –‘time to care’ and ‘time to work’ policies (Lewis, 2012): leave policies, flexible working, formal childcare provision –Support for father care Gender culture / gender system –Gender division of labour (paid and unpaid), power relations, cultural definitions of gender roles, informal childcare practices Post-2008 economic crisis

11. Data, measures & hypotheses

12. Data European Social Survey –Round 2 (2004-2005) –Round 5 (2010-2011) UK, Sweden, the Netherlands, Germany, France, Spain, Greece, Poland Fathers only: less affected by the selection effect than mothers Fathers in paid work, aged 20-64, in couples, with children aged 0-18 Sample size: about 1,500 per survey year in total

13. Work-to-family conflict 2004 & 2010 –Worrying about work problems when not working –Feeling too tired after work to enjoy the things you would like to do at home –Job prevents you from giving the time you want to your partner and family –Partner or family gets fed up with the pressure of your job Scale: from ‘Never’ to ‘Always’ (5-point scale)

14. WFC score Factor score (principal component analysis) Mean value is 0, SD is 1 Higher values = higher WFC Cronbach’s alpha = 0.73

15. Family-to-work conflict 2004 & 2010 –Difficult to concentrate on work because of family responsibilities 2010 only –Family responsibilities prevent you from giving the time you should to your job Scale: from ‘Never’ to ‘Always’ (5-point scale)

16. Explanatory variables – paid work –Working hours –Unsocial hours (weekends, evenings and unpredictable overtime) –Occupational class (ISCO88 major groups) –Employee v self-employed

17. Explanatory variables – family circumstances –Number of children –Age of the youngest child –Partner’s employment status / working hours –Partner working unsocial hours –Housework –Household income (subjective)

18. Explanatory variables – gender-role attitudes Composite measure of egalitarianism in gender-role attitudes: –A woman should be prepared to cut down on her paid work for the sake of her family –When jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women (5-point agree/disagree scale)

19. Control variables Age Education (years)

20. Hypotheses (work) Longer working hours -> higher WFC Unsocial hours -> higher WFC Occupational class: higher-status jobs (e.g. managers, professionals) -> higher WFC Self-employed -> lower WFC as more flexibility and autonomy

21. Hypotheses (family) More children -> higher FWC/WFC Younger children -> higher FWC/WFC Partner not working or working part-time -> lower FWC/WFC Partner working unsocial hours -> higher FWC/WFC More housework -> higher WFC/FWC

22. Hypotheses (boundary spanning) More egalitarian gender-role attitudes -> higher pressure to ‘do it all’ -> higher FWC Low household income -> higher WFC/FWC

23. WFC v FWC Work-related variables will be more strongly associated with WFC, and family- related variables will be more strongly associated with FWC

24. Hypotheses (cross-national comparisons) Coordinated market economies / high labour rights standards (Sweden, Germany, Netherlands, France) -> lower WFC, liberal market economies (UK, Poland) -> higher WFC Better provision of formal childcare, lower cost of childcare (Sweden) -> lower FWC/WFC Informal childcare is common (Greece, NL) -> lower FWC/WFC Higher father-care sensitivity in policy regime (Sweden) -> lower WFC/FWC More traditional gender cultures (Greece, Poland) -> lower FWC, more egalitarian (Sweden, UK) -> higher FWC

25. Hypotheses (time trends 2004-2010) WFC increasing FWC staying the same

26. Findings (work in progress)

27. WFC score, by country and year

28. Difficult to concentrate on work because of family, by country and year (%)

29. Family responsibilities prevent you from giving the time you should to your job, by country (%)

30. WFC: linear regression (work and socio-demographics)

31. WFC: linear regression (family factors and gender-role attitudes)

32. WFC: linear regression (cross-national comparisons)

33. Difficult to concentrate on work: binary logistic regression (pooled 2004+2010)

34. Difficult to concentrate on work: cross- national comparisons

35. Family responsibilities prevent from giving time to job: ordered logistic regression (2010)

36. Family responsibilities prevent from giving time to job: cross-national comparisons

37. Discussion

38. Discussion: hypotheses Hypotheses supported by data: –working hours (WFC), unsocial hours (fathers and partners, WFC/FWC), occupational class (WFC/FWC), financial insecurity (WFC/FWC), housework (FWC) Hypotheses not supported by data – no association: –number of children, age of the youngest child, (partner’s employment status) Hypotheses not supported by data – association in an opposite direction: –self-employment (WFC), gender-role attitudes (WFC/FWC), housework (WFC) Work-related v family-related variables, WFC v FWC Trends over time

39. Discussion: cross-national comparisons UK - the highest WFC and FWC Netherlands – the lowest WFC but not FWC France and Spain – the lowest FWC Greece – the most dramatic change between 2004 and 2010, both WFC & FWC going up

40. Thank you Dr Svetlana Speight (NatCen Social Research) – Svetlana.Speight@natcen.ac.uk Prof. Margaret O’Brien (TCRU, IoE) – M.OBrien@ioe.ac.uk Dr Sara Connolly (UEA) – Sara.Connolly@uea.ac.uk Eloise Poole (NatCen) – Eloise.Poole@natcen.ac.uk Dr Matt Aldrich (UEA) – Matthew.Aldrich@uea.ac.uk

41. Appendix

42. Worrying about work problems when not working

43. Feeling too tired after work to enjoy the things you would like to do at home

44. Job prevents you from giving the time you want to your partner or family

45. Partner or family gets feds up with the pressure of your job

46. Difficult to concentrate on work because of family responsibilities

47. Family responsibilities prevent you from giving the time you should to your job