1. Title, Edition ISBN © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition ISBN 013514454X © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Deafness and Hearing Loss

2. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition Heward ISBN 013514454X © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 Definitions of Hearing Loss IDEA definition A hearing impairment that is so severe that the child has difficulty processing linguistic information and it adversely affects educational performance Difference between deafness and hard of hearing Deaf: The student is not able to hear even with a hearing aid Hard of hearing: Significant hearing loss that makes special adaptations necessary Many persons who are deaf do not view hearing loss as a disability

3. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition Heward ISBN 013514454X © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Characteristics of Students with Hearing Loss Students who receive special education because of hearing loss are a homogeneous group Levels of functioning influenced by: Degree of hearing loss Age of onset Attitudes of parents and siblings Opportunities to acquire a first language The presence of other disabilities The extent to which a child successfully interacts depends largely on others’ attitudes and the child’s ability to communicate in some mutually accepted way

4. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4 Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition Heward ISBN 013514454X © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4 Characteristics of Students with Hearing Loss Literacy Have a difficult time acquiring language skills Smaller vocabularies than peers, which widens with age Can learn concrete words – tree, run, book – difficulty with abstract words – before, after, the, a, etc. May omit word endings – ed, ing Difficulty with past tense – talk is talked – shouldn’t go be goed Difficulty differentiating questions from statements

5. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5 Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition Heward ISBN 013514454X © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5 Characteristics of Students with Hearing Loss Speaking Atypical speech is common Often speak to loudly or not loudly enough Due to the inability to hear and monitor their speech Academic Achievement Difficulty with reading and math – often lag behind peers Gap widens as they get older Important not to equate achievement with intelligence Deficits may be due to inadequate development of language – some students may excel academically

6. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6 Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition Heward ISBN 013514454X © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6 Characteristics of Students with Hearing Loss Social Functioning May feel isolated, without friends, and unhappy in school Social problem are often worse when children have a mild to moderate hearing loss Often have more behavioral problems than peers – often due to frustration Frequently express feelings of depression and withdrawal

7. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7 Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition Heward ISBN 013514454X © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7 Prevalence According to ASHA, 10% have a chronic hearing loss The large majority of persons with hearing loss are adults About 1.2% of school age children receive special education services for hearing loss About one-third of students who are deaf or hard of hearing have another disabling condition

8. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8 Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition Heward ISBN 013514454X © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8 Types of Hearing Loss Age of onset is important for determining educational needs Conductive Hearing Loss Results from abnormalities or complications of the outer or middle ear Sensorineural hearing loss Damage to the auditory nerve fibers or other sensitive mechanisms in the inner ear

9. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9 Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition Heward ISBN 013514454X © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9 Types and Causes of Hearing Loss Congenital hearing loss is present at birth Causes of congenital hearing loss Genetic Factors Maternal Rubella – German Measles Congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV) – Viral Infection (respiratory) Premature birth Acquired hearing loss appears after birth Pre-lingual hearing loss before speech develops Post-lingual hearing loss after speech develops Causes of acquired hearing loss Otitis Media – infection of the middle ear Meningitis – infection of the central nervous system Ménière’s Disease – inner ear disorder – sudden attacks of vertigo Noise-induced hearing loss

10. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10 Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition Heward ISBN 013514454X © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10 Technologies That Amplify or Provide Sound Hearing aids Hearing aids make sounds louder but not necessarily clearer The earlier in life a child is fitted the more effectively he will learn to use hearing Hearing aids offer minimal benefit in noisy and reverberant classrooms Group Assistive listening devices A radio link established between the teacher and the child can solve problems caused by distance and noise Cochlear implants A cochlear implant bypasses damaged hair cells and stimulates the auditory nerve directly Tremendous controversy surrounds cochlear implants in the deaf community

11. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition Heward ISBN 013514454X © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Supports and Technologies that Supplement or Replace Sound Interpreters Interpreting Signing the speech of a teacher of other speaker for a person who is deaf Speech-to-text translation Computer devices that translate speech to text Television captioning Printed text that appears at the bottom of the screen Text telephones Allows the user to send a typed message over telephone lines Alerting devices

12. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12 Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition Heward ISBN 013514454X © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12 Educational Approaches Oral/Aural Approaches Auditory Learning Speechreading Cued Speech Visual Phonics Total Communication Simultaneous presentation of language by speech and manual communication American Sign Language (ASL) and the Bilingual- Bicultural Approach ASL is a legitimate language in its own right The goal of the bilingual-bicultural approach is to help deaf students become bilingual adults who can read and write with competence in their second language

13. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13 Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition Heward ISBN 013514454X © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13 Educational Placement Alternatives Approximately 86% of children who are deaf or hard of hearing attend local public schools 49% receive most of their education in general education classroom 18% attend resource rooms 19% are served in special classrooms 7% attend special schools

14. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14 Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition Heward ISBN 013514454X © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14 Postsecondary Education About 40% of all students with hearing loss go on to college education