1. A New Cartographic Research Agenda for Virtual Globes Session 4510: Virtual Globles: GIS for the Masses? Ming-Hsiang Tsou, Ph.D. Associate Professor E-mail: mtsou@mail.sdsu.edumtsou@mail.sdsu.edu April 17-21, San Francisco, CA The Department of Geography, San Diego State University AAG 2007 San Diego State University

3. Impacts of Virtual Globes for Modern Cartography Research Traditional 2D Maps 3D Virtual Globes (link to video) (link to video)

4. Differences (Virtual Globes vs. 2D maps) 3D Representation. (Multiple perspectives) Virtual Reality. (more similar to the real world) More dynamic and interactive (multiple layers and hyperlinks to multimedia – pictures, sounds, animations, 3D buildings). Easy to get lost --- difficult to control viewed areas. (Too many controls/buttons) – Flying an airplane… users need some training. San Diego State University

5. 3D Representation. (revisit Cartographic Design principles (such as Figure/Ground) in 3D environments) More dynamic and interactive (Need to define new rules for the dynamic layer managements) Virtual Reality. (display environment – super- large screen or CAVE environments. Super- small device for Pocket PC or cellular phone). Easy to get lost --- (Re-design the Graphic User Interface !!! Direct Manipulation !!! ). New Directions for Cartography Research San Diego State University

6. Cartographic Matrix For the Virtual Globes and the Internet- based Cartography (i-Cartography) (original presented in 2004 AAG meeting, Ming-Hsiang Tsou) San Diego State University

7. Basic Concepts Formalize the cartographic design of Virtual Globe Mapping with computational methods. (computational cartography?) Establish a coherent conceptual framework for dynamic multi-layer map display. Improve the 3D map representation in Internet GIS applications. Figure / Background San Diego State University

8. The Cartographic Matrix Inspired by Brain J. L. Berry’s geographic matrix (1964) and Bertin’s Visual variables (1967). Map Layer: Column, Cartographic variables : Row Map LayersLayer-sequenceColorSize RoadsL (line)3Blue1 Census Track O (polygons)6SequenceN/A Destroyed- Home P (point)1Red6 HighwayL2Red3 Fire Perimeters O4CyanN/A Aerial Photos I (images)5 Index (Band 4, 3, 1) N/A Thematic Mapping (Theme) Sub-cartographic studies (Figure / Ground) Symbol Types Cartographic Variables

9. Map LayersLayer-sequenceColorSize RoadsL (line)3Blue1 Census Track O (polygons)6SequenceN/A Destroyed- Home P (point)1Red6 HighwayL2Red3 Fire Perimeters O4CyanN/A Aerial Photos I (images)5 Index (Band 4, 3, 1) N/A Sub-cartographic studies (Color Scheme) Symbol Types Cartographic Variables Facilitate the cartographic design as an integrated unit (framework), rather than separated, isolated map layers. Explore the dynamic relationships between each layers for Internet mapping. (Is each layer independent or dependent to other layer?)

10. Converting Cartographic Rules into Computer Algorithms Statements: All point layers should be above all polygon layers. First-Order Logic: Computer Program: number  layout sequences (1:top, 2:second..) polylayer(x).number = i pointlayer(y).number = j If (i < j) then { polylayer(x).number = j pointlayer(y).number = i } Above( PointLayer(x), PolyLayer(y) )

11. Cartographic Matrix for Animation Map LayersLayer-sequenceColorSize RoadsL (line)3Blue1 Census Track O (polygons)6SequenceN/A Destroyed- Home P (point)1Red6 HighwayL2Red3 Fire Perimeters O4CyanN/A Aerial Photos I (images)5 Index (Band 4, 3, 1) N/A Symbol Types Day 1 Map LayersLayer-sequenceColorSize RoadsL (line)3Blue1 Census Track O (polygons)6SequenceN/A Destroyed- Home P (point)1Red6 HighwayL2Red3 Fire Perimeters O4CyanN/A Aerial Photos I (images)5 Index (Band 4, 3, 1) N/A Symbol Types Day 2 Map LayersLayer-sequenceColorSize RoadsL (line)3Blue1 Census Track O (polygons)6SequenceN/A Destroyed- Home P (point)1Red6 HighwayL2Red3 Fire Perimeters O4CyanN/A Aerial Photos I (images)5 Index (Band 4, 3, 1) N/A Symbol Types Day 3 Systematic Research Framework for future cartographic research Animation 3D visualization Color scheme Figure/Ground Layer transparency? Sub-matrix?

12. Map Display in Extra-large or Extra-small screens) Automatically transform cartographic matrix for different map display devices (PDA, Pocket PC, cellular phones, large multi-screens display…) Map Layers Layer- sequence ColorSize RoadsL (line)3Blue1 Census Track O (polygons) 6 Sequenc e N/A Destroy ed- Home P (point)1Red6 Highwa y L2Red3 Fire Perimet ers O4CyanN/A Aerial Photos I (images)5 Index (Band 4, 3, 1) N/A Symbol Types Original matrix * Mobile Device Conversion matrix = Map Layers Layer- sequence ColorSize RoadsL (line)3Blue1 Census Track O (polygons) 6 Sequenc e N/A Destroy ed- Home P (point)1Red6 Highwa y L2Red3 Fire Perimet ers O4CyanN/A Aerial Photos I (images)5 Index (Band 4, 3, 1) N/A Symbol Types Original matrix * Large Screen Conversion matrix =

13. New Research Agenda for Cartography Cartographic Matrix (computational cartography) – –Dynamic map display/symbol changes –Display of extra-large, extra-small devices New methods for dissemination of maps and geospatial information (Virtual Globes in Video Games Console – Nintendo Wii). The design of direct manipulation user interfaces. San Diego State University Video Demo Video Demo – Wii are the Masses!

14. Wii Demo Virtual Globes San Diego State University

15. Conclusion New cartographic research directions needed for the Virtual Globes Formalize cartographic rules with computational algorithms (Cartographic Matrix) New idea for the map user interface (Nintendo Wii Remote Example) Virtual Globes for the Masses!!! Internet GIS merged with Video Games! San Diego State University

16. Slides and Movies download Thank You Q & A http://map.sdsu.edu/movies.htmhttp://map.sdsu.edu/movies.htmhttp://map.sdsu.edu/movies.htm http://map.sdsu.eduhttp://map.sdsu.eduhttp://map.sdsu.edu (select the [movie download] in the home page) Ming-Hsiang Tsou, Ph.D. Associate Professor E-mail: mtsou@mail.sdsu.edumtsou@mail.sdsu.edu