1. 1. Count Rumford (1798) work into heat studies, cannon boring 2. Sadi Carnot (1824) work depends on the temperature, cyclic engine 3. James Joule (1842) established equivalence of work and heat (Joule) A. Definition B. History I. Introduction Bioenergetics

2. 6. Ludwig Boltzman late 19 th century, proposed energy existed as packets based on particles he called atoms, started fields of thermodynamics and kinetics. Committed suicide in 1906 because no one believed him. 7. Albert Einstein late 1905 atoms held the energy (basis for almost all energy equations) 8. Ernest Rutherford (1910) and Neils Bohr (1912) would design the shape and structure of an atom. 5. J. Gibbs (1878) proposed free energy or system energy to perform work when To To and pressure are uniform throughout a system called Free Energy 4. Rudolph Classius (1850) states the first two laws of thermodynamics

3. 1. Potential Energy = Stored Energy Figure 8.2 C. Energy Forms 2. Kinetic Energy = Motion Energy Figure 8.2

4. 1. Law of Conservation or Quantity of Energy Figure 8.3 D. Energy Laws 2. Law of Transformation or Quality of Energy Figure 8.3

5. The basis for life on earth is bound to this diagram. Figure 9.2

6. 1. Predicting reaction spontaneity = Free Energy  ( ΔG) ΔG = ΔH - TΔS ΔS = entropy ΔH = enthalpy ΔG = free energy T = absolute temperature E. Energy Reactions Figure 8.5

7. 2. Exergonic reactions = release of free energy 3. Endergonic reactions = absorbs free energy Figure 8.6 Figure 8.7 4. Oxidation/Reduction reactions

8. 1. Structure of ATP Figure 8.9 F. ATP and Energy Coupling Cycling of ATP Figure 8.9

9. 2. ATP Coupling Reactions Figure 8.10 Figure 8.11

10. 1. L. Pasteur vs. J. von Leibig (1890’s) Fermentation needs intact cells or not 2. E. Buchner late 1890’s Yeast yield EtOH and CO 2 from catalyst in cells (yeast) coined the term “enzyme” 3. J. Sumner (1926) isolated crystalline protein called urease B. History A. Definition II. Enzymes

11. 1. Overview C. Function 2. How? Figure 8.13

12. Figure 8.14 Figure 8.16 3. Mechanism

13. 4. Kinetics (Michaelis-Menton)5. Line Weaver-Burk plot

14. Line Weaver-Burk plot

15. Figure 8.17 Figure 8.18 6. Environmental Effects (T o, pH, & Competition)

16. Figure 8.20 Figure 8.21 7. Regulation (Allosteric & Feedback Inhibition)