2.  Authoritarian –concentrates authority in few executive agencies manned by capable and uncorrupt elites seeking to improve environmental outcomes  Democratic--spreads authority over several levels and agencies of government, including representative legislatures, and that encourages direct public participation from a wide cross-section of society

3.  “Citizen participation is limited to learning and obeying state policies.” p. 291

4.  National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) -primary policymaking and regulatory authority in the energy sector,  National Energy Administration (NEA) (formed 2008) key energy regulator for the country  approves new energy projects  sets domestic wholesale energy prices  implements central government's energy policies,  National Energy Commission (formed 2010) – coordinate energy policy among the various agencies under the State Council

5.  Average annual growth rate 2000-10: 10%  From 1990 to 2009, moved from net exporter of oil to world’s second largest net importer  World’s largest producer and consumer of coal – 46% world’s coal consumption

7.  China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC)  leading upstream player in China  publicly-listed arm PetroChina,  together account for roughly 60 % domestic oil and 80% natural gas output  China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation (Sinopec)  downstream activities (refining and distribution)  China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC): offshore oil exploration and production

9. COAL  US 2010 – 1.0 billion short tons (flat or declining)  China 2010 – 3.7 billion short tons (rising) OIL  US 2010 – 19.1 million bpd  China 2010 – 9.4 million bpd

10. CHINA  ss US  ss

12. RankRank Country Annual CO2 emissions [7][8] (in thousands of metric tonnes) [7][8] Percentage of global total World29,888,121100% 1 China [9]China [9] 7,031,91623.33% 2 United States 5,461,01418.11% - European Union (27)European Union4,177,817 [10] [10] 14.04% 3 India 1,742,6985.78% 4 Russia 1,708,6535.67% 5 Japan 1,208,1634.01% 6 Germany 786,6602.61% 7 Canada 544,0911.80% Per capita: China: 4.6 tonnes/capita US: 19.1 tonnes/capita Projections are that by 2030 China will account for ½ global 2008 emissions

13.  Reduce emission intensity of GDP 40-45% by 2020 (over 2005 levels)  At Durban, China agreed to negotiate a legally binding treaty (including the possibility of an absolute emission cap) by 2020

14.  Can produce a rapid response to problem  But if fragmentation remains, can undermine implementation due to illegitimacy  Low social concern makes authoritarianism more necessary and more difficult

15. 2009 State of Union: To truly transform our economy, protect our security, and save our planet from the ravages of climate change, ne need to ultimately make clean, renewable energy the profitable kind of energy

16.  Federalism: gives extensive powers to 50 states  Separation of powers  Congress ▪ 2 equal chambers ▪ House – 435 seat elected every 2 years ▪ Senate – 2 seats per state elected every 6 years  President – elected separately every 4 years  Courts

17.  House: 50% +1  Senate: effective majority is 60%  Treaties: 2/3 rd of Senate requires  President needs to sign laws passed by Congress  If president vetos, 2/3 rd of both houses can overturn

18. Congress and president same party: working majority is 60% Congress and president different party: working majority is 67% Note contrast to Canada, China

20.  2009 House: 257 D 178 R  2009 Senate: 58 D 40 R 2 I

21.  2011 House: 193 D 242 R (55.6%)

22.  2011 Senate: 51 D 47 R 2 I

23.  2001 – US cars and trucks averaged 24.7 m.p.g.  2011 --29.6 m.p.g.  New regs: up to 55 m.p.g. by 2025  Obama weekly addressaddress  Nov 2011, Canada announced it would attempt to meet US 2025 targets  But unclear whether by regulation or voluntary March 20, 2012Sustainable Energy Policy23

24.  2009 – House passes Waxman-Markey  17% reduction by 2020  Riddled with concession  2010 Senate  Coalition building required giving everything away  Coalition of senators fell apart when initiative got framed as “gas tax”  “on climate change, Obama grew timid and gave up, leaving the dysfunctional Senate to figure out the issue on its own”  Personal impact

25.  As of April 2011, 32 states have RPS or Alternative Energy Portfolio Standards; another six have voluntary standards (Pew Centre on Global Climate Change, 2011)  California most aggressive

26.  California leadership  Western Climate Initiative