2. Slop Stabilization Pertemuan 8 - 10
Mata kuliah : S0892 – Ground Improvement Method
Tahun : 2010
Slop Stabilization Pertemuan

3. Stabilization Methods:
COURSE 3
Content:
Problems On slope
Stabilization Methods:
Soil Nailing
Retaining Wall
Reinforcement
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4. PROBLEMS ON SLOPE
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5. SLOPE FAILURE
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6. FAILURE TYPE
ROTATIONAL
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7. FAILURE TYPE
TRANSLATIONAL
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8. FAILURE TYPE
FALLING
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9. FAILURE TYPE
BLOCK SLIDE
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10. FAILURE TYPE
TOPPLE
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11. FAILURE TYPE
FLOW
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12. PROBLEMS ON SLOPE
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13. STABILIZATION METHODS
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14. STABILIZATION METHODS
SOIL NAILING
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15. SOIL NAILING DEFINITION
Soil nailing is a technique in which soil slopes, excavations or retaining walls are reinforced by the insertion of relatively slender elements - normally steel reinforcing bars.
The bars are usually installed into a pre-drilled hole and then grouted into place or drilled and grouted simultaneously.
They are usually installed untensioned at a slight downward inclination. A rigid or flexible facing (often pneumatically applied concrete otherwise known as shotcrete) or isolated soil nail heads may be used at the surface.
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16. SOIL NAILING
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17. SOIL NAILING BASIC PRINCIPLE
The basic concept of soil nailing is to reinforce and strengthen the existing ground by installing closely spaced steel bars, called "nails," into a slope or excavation as construction proceeds from the "top down."
This process creates a reinforced section that is itself stable and able to retain the ground behind it. The reinforcements are passive and develop their reinforcing action through nail ground interactions as the ground deforms both during and following construction.
Nails work predominantly in tension, but are considered by some to also work in bending/shear under certain circumstances.
Generally, the soil nails significantly increase the apparent cohesion of the soil through their ability to carry tensile loads.
A construction facing is also usually required, and is typically shotcrete reinforced by welded wire mesh. For permanent walls, the shotcrete construction facing is typically covered in cast-in-place concrete facing.
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18. SOIL NAILING
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19. SOIL NAILING
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20. SOIL NAILING
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21. SOIL NAILING
Nails work predominantly in tension but may develop bending/shear in certain circumstances. The effect of the nail reinforcement is to improve stability by
(a) increasing the normal force and hence the soil shear resistance along
potential slip surfaces in frictional soils; and
(b) reducing the driving force along potential slip surfaces in both frictional and
cohesive soils. A construction facing is also usually required and is typically shotcrete reinforced by welded wire mesh.
The steel nail bars are typically 20 to 35 mm in diameter, with a yield strength in the range of 420 to 500 N/mm2, and are typically installed into drillholes having diameters in the range of 100 mm to 300 mm and at a spacing between 1 and 2 meters.
The nail lengths are typically 70 to 100 percent of the wall height.
Nail inclinations are generally on the order of 15 degrees below horizontal to facilitate grouting.
Soil nails typically consist of steel reinforcement inclusions and may be categorized on the basis of their method of installation and degree of corrosion protection. For conventional drill and grout nail installations, the nail grout consists typically of a neat cement grout with a watercement ratio of about 0.4 to 0.5. Where a stiffer consistency grout is required (e.g., to centralize the nail when no centralizers are used in a hollow stem auger installation or to control leakage of grout into the ground such as in highly permeable granular soils or highly fractured rock),
a lower slump sand-cement grout may be used. Sand-cement grout may also be used in conjunction with large nail holes for economic reasons.
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22. SOIL NAILING
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23. SOIL NAILING
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24. SOIL NAILING – CONSTRUCTION
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25. SOIL NAILING – CONSTRUCTION
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26. SOIL NAILING – CONSTRUCTION
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27. SOIL NAILING – CONSTRUCTION
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28. SOIL NAILING – CONSTRUCTION
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29. SOIL NAILING – CONSTRUCTION
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30. SOIL NAILING – CONSTRUCTION
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31. RETAINING WALLS
A retaining wall is a structure that holds back soil or rock from a building, structure or area. Retaining walls prevent downslope movement or erosion and provide support for vertical or near-vertical grade changes
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32. RETAINING WALLS
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33. RETAINING WALLS
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34. RETAINING WALLS
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35. RETAINING WALLS
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36. RETAINING WALLS
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37. RETAINING WALLS
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38. RETAINING WALLS
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39. REINFORCEMENT
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40. REINFORCEMENT
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41. REINFORCEMENT
45 0+ /2 H LR LE Lo Sv z
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42. REINFORCEMENT
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43. REINFORCEMENT
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44. REINFORCEMENT OVERTURNING STABILITY, FS  2
SLIDING STABILITY, FS  1.5
BEARING CAPACITY STABILITY,
FS  3
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