1. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. NATION OF NATIONS, SIXTH EDITION DAVIDSON DELAY HEYRMAN LYTLE STOFF Chapter 6: Toward the War for American Independence

2. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Preview “Parliament passed the Sugar Act, Stamp Act, and other measures of the early 1760s in hopes of binding the American colonies more closely to the empire. Instead, once-loyal Americans became convinced that their constitutional rights were being violated...” “Parliament passed the Sugar Act, Stamp Act, and other measures of the early 1760s in hopes of binding the American colonies more closely to the empire. Instead, once-loyal Americans became convinced that their constitutional rights were being violated...” 2

3. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Highlights The Seven Years’ War The Seven Years’ War The Imperial Crisis The Imperial Crisis Toward the Revolution Toward the Revolution 3

4. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Seven Years’ War A nine (1754-1763) year global conflict between France & her allies Spain and Prussia versus England in the America’s it’s known as the French and Indian War A nine (1754-1763) year global conflict between France & her allies Spain and Prussia versus England in the America’s it’s known as the French and Indian War The Years of Defeat The Years of Defeat –1754: Seven years’ War started with George Washington’s surrender to the French at Fort Necessity –1755: disastrous defeat of British regiments, led by General Braddock, at Fort Duquesne –1756 John Cambell, Earl of Loudoun given command of North American theater. Hated by soldiers and colonist alike –Iroqouis league and most Indian tribes allied with France who were led by Louis Joseph the Marquis de Montcalm 4

5. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Years of Victory The Years of Victory –1756-57: British fortunes worsened, but William Pitt began to take personal control over the war  Pitt the depresed egotist came abck from retirment to save England –By 1758, the tide began to shift in Britain’s favor  Fired Lord Loudoun, and limited his succesors power  Requested men and $ from colonial assemblies w/ promosry notes –1759: Brigadier General James Wolfe scaled the heights to the Plains of Abraham capturing Quebec and –1760 Montreal fell ending the North American fighting –Treaty of Paris (1763) ended the war, as well as the French presence in North America 5

6. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 6 Treaty of Paris 1763 Ends French Presence in North America British granted title to all French Territory east of the Mississippi River and Spanish Florida France cedes to Spain all lands west of the Mississsippi river as well as New Orleans

7. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Postwar Expectations Postwar Expectations –Britain’s victory stoked colonial pride and optimism among Americans –English resented American tightfistedness in supplying the armies –Very different expectations for postwar American colonies by both the English and the colonists 7 ColonistBritish Open Ohio ValleyTight fisted colonial assemblies Contributed to warCowardly Colonial troops Equal footing w/ BritonsAccumulation of debt to be payed through taxes French threat gone would lead to colonial thoughts of independence

8. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. SUB HEADINGS

9. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Day 2

10. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Imperial Crisis Great Britan had waged a costly war, North America needed to be protected, colonies needed to turn a profit, administration tightened Great Britan had waged a costly war, North America needed to be protected, colonies needed to turn a profit, administration tightened New Troubles on the Frontier New Troubles on the Frontier –Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763) west of Pittsburgh highlighted the problem of Britain’s large western frontier  Neolin, a Lenni Lenape prophet, advised a renaiasnce of native traditions and resistance –Proclamation of 1763 prohibited settlement west of the Appalachians  Ease Indian tension stop future conflicts  Keep Colonials seaboard and easier to manage 10

11. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. George Grenville’s New Measures George Grenville’s New Measures –Britain’s national debt doubled, 1754-64  Standing army in the colonies –Colonial customs operated on 4:1 salary/collection ratio –Colonial merchants had been evading the Molasses Act of 1733 (tariff of 6 pence per gallon) –Grenville hoped to make $ from trade and have the Americans help cover a part of the cost of operating the colonies –Grenvile did not expect the colonies to help reduce the debt or cover the cost of their own defense. –Navigation acts had regulated trade. Greenville represents a dramatic shift in the use of duties. 11

12. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. –Grenville, the first lord of the treasury, policies  1. Revenue aka Sugar Act (1764):lowered molases duty from 6 to 3 pence  2. Currency Act (1764): prophibited colonial assemblies from making their $ legal tender ensured against currency inflation  3. Quartering Act (1765): any colony in which troops were stationed must provide suitable accomadations  4. Stamp Act (1765) tax on paper cards, dice, diplomas, legal docs, newspapers, etc… –Violators would be tried in admirality courts by royally appointed judges –Britons payed similar taxes for over 100yrs –Grenville’s policies prompted different reaction by colonials and English –Shared belief on British customs, history, served to protect the rights of the empire’s freeborn citizens –Greenville these made sense Colonist the measures seemed an abomination

13. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Beginnings of Colonial Resistance The Beginnings of Colonial Resistance –Significance of John Locke’s beliefs that property ownership and liberty were intertwined  Property guranted liberty, source of independence, Gov’t must protect property to protect liberty  No taxation w/ out represenation- Power to tax is power to destory. It deprives one of personal property  English constitution guranteed a trial by jury –Opposition thinkers, while ignored in England, were revered by colonial leaders  Republicanism safeguarded liberty  Power Corrupts, Vigilance necessary, –Postwar recession aggravated political tensions caused by Grenville’s measures  Stamp Act hit everyone not just New England merchants  Colonies not political equals of English 13

14. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Riots and Resolves Riots and Resolves –1765: colonial assemblies passed resolves denying Parliament’s power to tax the colonies. –Taxation belonged to Colonial Assemblies guranted in charters, constitution, and nature –Patrick Henry’s resolves in Virginia –Resistance groups, most notably the Sons of Liberty, sprang up in individual colonies ensure if Stamp act not repealed it would not be enforced Repeal of the Stamp Act Repeal of the Stamp Act –George III replaced Greenville w/ Marquis of Rockingham –Policy repealed by Parliament in 1766 and passed Declaratory Act: Parliament had the power to make laws for the Colonies “in all cases what so ever” –Continued angst over virtual versus actual representation 14

15. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. SOAPS 5-3

16. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Day 3

17. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Repeal of the Stamp Act highlighted Colonial mindset rather than British identity Repeal of the Stamp Act highlighted Colonial mindset rather than British identity The Townshend Acts The Townshend Acts –William Pitt replaced Rockingham declaring “Colonies the sons not the bastards of England” than died –In 1767, the new Chancellor of the Exchequer, William Townshend, wanted to limit the power of colonial assemblies –Instituted new tariffs lead, paper, glass, tea –Suspend NY assembly for not complying w/ Quatering Act of 1767 –Created an American Board of Customs Commissioners paid directly by Crown to enforce policies 17

18. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Resistance Organizes The Resistance Organizes –Efforts by colonial leaders such as John Dickinson “A Letter from a Farmer in Pensylvania” and John Adams helped colonies gradually to increase coordination of their resistance to Parliament –1768: Liberty, John Hancock sloop, seized riot in Boston whipped up anti-government fervor –Sec. of State for the Colonies, Lord Hillsborough, w/ 2 regiments sent in to Boston. Outrage over military justice –Widespread boycott of British-made goods “Committees of Inspection” –All of the Townshend duties eventually repealed except the tax on tea  Symbol of parlimentry power and revenue 18

19. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 19

20. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The International Sons of Liberty The International Sons of Liberty –Colonials follow struggle of Pascal Paoli in fighting for Corsican independence from Genoa The Boston Massacre The Boston Massacre –Increasing tensions between colonists and British troops –March 5, 1770: troops fire upon protesters in Boston, killing five Crispus Attcus 20

21. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. SOAPS 5-10 and questions

22. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Day4

23. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Repeal of Townshed acts depleats resistance. Admirality Courts remain, standing army, taxes Repeal of Townshed acts depleats resistance. Admirality Courts remain, standing army, taxes Resistance Revived Resistance Revived –1771 Gaspee ran aground chasing smugglers and burned. Royal commission sent to investigate incident provoked renewed tensions in 1772 –Samuel Adams engineered mode of communication: committees of correspondence: documents of American rights and grievances which were redistributed to colonist –1773: Boston Tea Party  Tea Act 1773 Monopoly on tea trade to bail out the East India Co.  Colonies saw it as a trick to accept parlimantry power despite lower cost  Dec 16, 1773 90,000 punds of tea worth 10,000 pounds of sterling 23

24. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. “The Boston Tea Party proved to British satisfaction that the colonies aimed at independence. Lord North’s assessment was grim: ‘We are now to dispute whether we have, or have not, any authority in that country.’” 24

25. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Empire Strikes Back The Empire Strikes Back –Coercive, or “Intolerable,” Acts passed by Parliament under Lord North in response to Tea Party, 1774; port of Boston closed until debt for tea repaid  Massachusetes Gov’t Act handed over gov’t to royal officials  Impartial Administration of Justice: Royal officials to be tried in English courts or colonies  Quatering Act: housing of troops in uninhanited private homes and buildings –Colonists began to believe in a conspiracy theory that the British government wanted to reduce their liberties –Quebec Act (1774)  Established nonrepresantive Gov’t in French Canada, recognized Catholic Church, and lands between Ohio and Mississippi river 25

26. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Toward the Revolution The First Continental Congress, Sept 1774 The First Continental Congress, Sept 1774 –Delegates, while affirming natural rights, tried to stake out a moderate position –Declaration of Rights and Grievences adopted October 1774  Asserted colonies right to tax and legislate themselves  Limited parlimentry power –Joseph Galloway’s plan for cooperation and approval with Parliament rejected –Decision to cease all trade with Britain until the Coercive Acts were repealed known as the Continetal Association  Tea immedeietly, Dec 1 no more import, and by Sept 1775 no more export of produce – Suffolk Resolves did not advocate but resulted in the arming colonial militias 26

27. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Last Days of the British Empire in America The Last Days of the British Empire in America –Governor of Massachusetts, Thomas Gage, tried to fortify Boston against the growing number of rebels –Disbanded massachustes legislature only to see it re-form as a Provincial Congress –Royal authority collapsed, 1774-75 –Feb 1775 Parliament approves an address that the colonies were in rebellion The Fighting Begins The Fighting Begins –April 18 1775: first battles of the American Revolution, Lexington and Concord, Mass. –Gage told by Lord North to seize the leaders of the provincial congress –Paul Revere and Dr. William Dawes warned Major John Pitcairn was on the move –8 dead at Lexington 273 British 95 Americans Common Sense Common Sense –Thomas Paine: Americans’ destiny was to be republicans, not monarchists –Time for fighting 120,000 coppies in 3 months 27

28. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. SOAPS 5-17 and questions 1-3

29. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Should the European encounter with Indian people ’ s of the America ’ s be understood primarily as a story of conquest and exploitation, or as one of mutual cultural encounters that brought beneficial as well as tragic results for both? http://kennelly.wikispaces.com