1. Arthur Williamson

2. We have become dependent on fossil fuel We are using fossil fuel at an unsustainable rate Burning fossil fuel is producing greenhouse gases which lead to climate change which may become intolerable

5. The great Nuclear reactor in the sky

6. Earth 300K Radiation from sun At 6000K Re-radiation from earth to space at 0K

8. Energy input from sun =1.3 x 10 17 watts Energy reaching earth’s surface = 1.0 x 10 17 watts = 100 000 TW Intensity at earth’s surface = 1000 watts/square metre

9. What Happens To It? Reflection back into space 25% Absorbed (to low temp thermal) 67% Evaporation 32% Wind and Waves 0.25% Photosynthesis 0.03%

10. Total energy = 3 x 10 20 J/yr Average power =10TW Fraction that is oil = 33%

11. SOLAR ENERGY FALLING ON EARTH IS 10 000 TIMES MANKIND’S NEEDS

13. Energy falling on NZ 160W/square metre 130 000 000 PJ/yr

14. Primary energy 750 PJ/yr Consumer energy 550PJ/yr

16. Average energy per day for each month (kWh/square metre) For Christchurch MonthHorizontal surface 40 deg inclination January5.985.47 February5.455.53 March3.984.76 April2.804.14 May1.783.18 June1.382.74 July1.512.78 August2.534.07 September3.294.18 October4.865.21 November6.275.92 December6.986.18 Mean Value3.94.5

17. Transport 38% Industrial30% Residential12%

18. Primary energy (NZ) Oil33% Gas32% Hydro10% Geothermal11% Coal 7% Wood 5% Other 2%

19. Consumer Energy by Fuel(NZ) Oil53% Electricity25% Gas 7% Wood 6% Coal 6% Geothermal 3%

20. Electricity sources Hydro56% Gas30% Geothermal 7% Coal 4% Other 3%

21. WIND HYDRO POWER SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY PHOTOVOLTAIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS

22. Windflow turbines

24. WIND HYDRO POWER SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY PHOTOVOLTAIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS

27. WIND HYDRO POWER SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY PHOTOVOLTAIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS

30. 150 MW Kramer Junction Mojave Desert California

33. SOLAR1 Now abandonned

34. Power Tower Spain 11 MW

36. Sandia 25kW Stirling engine

37.  ELECTROLYSIS  PHOTOTHERMAL  PHOTOCHEMICAL WATER SPLITTING

43. WIND HYDRO POWER SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY PHOTOVOLTAIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS

44. 25mw SOLAR PV Spain 2008

45. 1.5MW South Germany cadmium telluride

49. Small scale systems Arthur’s Pass

50. WIND HYDRO POWER SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY PHOTOVOLTAIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS

51. Factors to be considered Low overall effectiveness- 0.1% Choice of plant type -oil,cellulose, starch, sugar Method of conversion Competition with food

52. PHOTOSYNTHESIS cycle times COAL AND OIL 100 MILLION YR TREES30-50 YR CROPSANNUAL ALGAECONTINUOUS

53. CONVERSION OF BIOMASS DIRECT COMBUSTION CONVERSION TO ALCOHOL EXTRACTION OF VEGETABLE OIL FERMENTATION TO BIOGAS

56. CONVERSION OF BIOMASS DIRECT COMBUSTION CONVERSION TO ALCOHOL EXTRACTION OF VEGETABLE OIL FERMENTATION TO BIOGAS

58. CONVERSION OF BIOMASS DIRECT COMBUSTION CONVERSION TO ALCOHOL EXTRACTION OF VEGETABLE OIL FERMENTATION TO BIOGAS

59. CONVERSION OF BIOMASS DIRECT COMBUSTION CONVERSION TO ALCOHOL EXTRACTION OF VEGETABLE OIL FERMENTATION TO BIOGAS

65. Yields Beet alcohol 5000L/ha yr Canola Diesel 1000L/ha yr

66. EROEI Energy Return on Energy Invested Trees as fuel for combustion 30 Gorse 30 Beet alcohol 1.5? Canola for diesel 1.5?

67. PETROL / ALCOHOL 2 000 000 ha DIESEL/BIODIESEL 6 000 000 ha

68. CONTEXT to feed 4 000 000 TO FEED 4 000 000 If we were vegan ABOUT 500 000 ha For meat and 3 veg ABOUT 1 500 000 ha HOW MUCH HAVE WE GOT? ABOUT 13 5000 000 ha

74. What if we opt for a wood fired thermal power plant This could run as baseload So we need 1000MW continuous Area required = 300 000 -500 000 ha