1. Hawai’i National Marine Renewable Energy Center (HINMREC) Hawai’i Natural Energy Institute (HNEI) School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST) University of Hawai’i (UH) http://hinmrec.hnei.hawaii.edu September 16, 2011

2. Hawaii National Marine Renewable Energy Center  Facilitate development of wave energy Conversion (WEC) systems;  Support Development of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) technologies 2

3. Hawaii Electricity Demand: Contribution Potential IslandWave FarmChallenge OTECChallenge Oahu< 17%Siting: requires all shoreline segments; Storage: intermittent resource >> 100%No prototype operational data Maui< 75%“ >> 100% “ Hawaii< 150%“ >> 100% “ Kauai< 300%Siting: requires 30% shoreline segments; Storage: intermittent resource >> 100% “ Molokai< 2000%Storage: intermittent resource >> 100% “ 3

4. Environmental Impact Studies Goal: inputs to EISs required for permitting and licensing of WEC & OTEC  Worked with federal regulatory agencies (FERC, BOEM, and NOAA) to define differences between ocean energy systems and already established regulated industrial activities:  OTEC key differentiator: return of large amounts of deep seawater (“plume”) below the photic zone 4

5. Environmental Impact Studies  OTEC plume impact can not be determined a priori;  Must monitor operations through an “Adaptive Management” Protocol;  UH greatest contribution would be to design such Protocol. 5

6. OTEC Operations: Environmental Parameters Nutrients & BiologicalCTDCarbonate Cycle Nitrate*TemperatureDissolved Inorganic Carbon Phosphate*Salinity*pH Silicate*Dissolved OxygenAlkalinity *Chlorophyll a 6 *Monitor at: (i)Plume Neutral Buoyancy Depth (“known”); (ii)Far Field (TBD)

7. 7 \

8. Annex 8

9. 9 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

10. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) 10 Resource: Baseload energy production potential of at least 30% world wide consumption in tropical oceans around the world. Ninety-eight (98) nations have adequate OTEC resource within EEZ with direct application in Hawai’i and 5 US Trust Territories Technology: Uses temperature difference between warm surface water and cold deep water (1,000m) to generate electricity Technology status: - Electricity generation and simultaneous desalinated water production has been demonstrated 24/7 at experimental scale (~ 250kW) Industry technology development needs:  Economic models indicate scale of > 50 MW needed in USA to be economically viable;  Low cost manufacture and long-term testing of critical components, such as heat exchangers (HXs);  Deployment and testing of a pre-commercial OTEC plant (5 to 10 MW) to determine realistic costs, survivability, and environmental impact;  Sustained and substantial government support through pre-commercial demonstration is a critical requirement.

11. Two Year (July 2007-June 2009) Average Temp. Difference {T 20m – T 1000m }

12. Hawaii Ocean Time Series Kahe Station :  T Daily Averages Change 1°C in  T  15% change in P net. 12

13. 98 nations with adequate OTEC resource within EEZ Theoretical Energy Production > 1/3 World Wide Consumption Source: http://hinmrec.hnei.hawaii.edu