1. Sustainability Science and Research: A Historical Introduction Andrew Jamison

2. Based on: The Making of Green Knowledge. Environmental Politics and Cultural Transformation, by Andrew Jamison (Cambridge University Press 2001) Hubris and Hybrids. A Cultural History of Technology and Science, by Mikael Hård and Andrew Jamison (Routledge 2005)

3. A Brief History of Green Knowledge The romantic critique of industrial hubris (e.g. Mary Shelley) An emerging environmental sensibility (e.g. Thoreau) The socialist critique of technology (e.g. Morris) Conservation and nature protection (e.g. Muir) Regionalism and urban reform (e.g. Mumford) Environmentalism and green politics (e.g. Carson)

4. mechanization industrialization modernizationglobalization romanticism cooperation socialism populism anticolonialism fascism environmentalism feminism 1800 1850 1950 2000 1900 Phases of Social Movements Long Waves of Industrialization scientification

5. The First Wave ”the industrial revolution” (ca 1780-1830) Iron, textile machines, and steam engines Technologies of mechanization The factory as an organizational innovation Social and cultural movements: ”machine-storming” and cooperation romantic art and literature, e.g. Frankenstein

6. Mary Shelley: Challenging the hubris ”Learn from me, if not by my precepts, at least by my example, how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge, and how much happier that man is who believed his native town to be the world, than he who aspires to become greater than his nature will allow...”

7. Henry David Thoreau (1817-62) a ”romantic” scientist, author of Walden one of the founders of environmentalism also wrote On the Duty of Civil Disobedience (1849)

8. Thoreau’s idea of science ”The true man of science will know nature better by his finer organization; he will smell, taste, see, hear, feel better than other men. His will be a deeper and finer experience. We do not learn by inference and deduction, and the application of mathematics to philosophy, but by direct intercourse and sympathy...”

9. The Second Wave ”the age of capital” (ca 1830-1880) Railroads, telegraph, and steel Technologies of socialization The rise of the corporation (Carnegie, Krupp) Social and cultural movements: populism, communism and social-democracy science fiction and arts and crafts

10. William Morris (1834-1896) A romantic poet turned designer Combined artistry and business Mixed tradition and innovation A utopian who was also practical

11. From ”Useful Work versus Useless Toil” ”The factories might be centres of intellectual activity also, and work in them might well be varied very much: the tending of the necessary machinery might to each individual be but a short part of the day’s work. The other might vary from raising food from the surrounding country to the study and practice of art and science.... Science duly applied would enable them to get rid of refuse, to minimize, if not wholly to destroy, all the inconveniences which at present attend the use of elaborate machinery, such as smoke, stench and noise; nor would they endure that the buildings in which they worked or lived should be ugly blots on the fair face of the earth.”

12. A major influence on… Arts and crafts movements, garden cities Interior and industrial design Architecture: Wright, Gehry, Utzon Art Nouveau and functionalism Socialist politics and fantasy literature The ”education of desire”

13. John Muir, the founder of the Sierra Club with Theodore Roosevelt in 1903

14. “The tendency nowadays to wander in wilderness is delightful to see. Thousands of tired, over-civilized people are beginning to find out that going to the mountains is going home; that wildness is a necessity; and that mountain parks and reservations are useful not only as fountains of timber and irrigating rivers, but as fountains of life.” Muir’s idea of conservation

15. The Third Wave ”the age of empire” (ca 1880-1930) Electricity, automobiles, chemicals and airplanes Technologies of modernization Research becomes a business (Edison, DuPont) Social and cultural movements: anticolonialism and fascism modernism and human ecology

16. The Urban Reform Tradition Ebenezer Howard: Garden Cities, 1898 Upton Sinclair: The Jungle, 1906 Jane Addams: Twenty Years at Hull-House, 1910 Patrick Geddes: Cities in Evolution, 1915 Robert Park, et al: The City, 1925 Lewis Mumford: The Culture of Cities, 1938

17. Lewis Mumford (1895-1990) American writer and social critic a founder of urban planning one of the last ”public intellectuals” one of the first ”human ecologists” a cultural perspective on technology active in regional planning movements

18. ”Today we begin to see that the improvement of cities is no matter for one-sided reforms: the task of city design involves the vaster task of rebuilding our civilization. We must alter the parasitic and predatory modes of life that now play so large a part, and we must create...an effective symbiosis, or co-operative living together. ” From The Culture of Cities

19. The Fourth Wave the coming of technoscience (ca 1930-1980) Atomic energy, genetics, and computers Technologies of scientification The rise of transnational corporations (IBM, Sony) Social and cultural movements: civil rights and ”ban the bomb” environmentalism, feminism and postmodernism

20. Phases of Environmental Politics 1. awakeningpublic education, local protests pre-1968 2. ”age of ecology”organizational and policy development 1969-1974 3. politicizationsocial movements in relation to energy policy 1975-1979 4. differentiationprofessionalization and party politics 1980-1986 5. internationalization global orientation, sustainable development 1987-1993 6. integrationAgenda 21, green business/critical ecology 1994-2000 7. contentionglobalization and climate change conflicts 2000s

21. Awakening public education and debate protests about air and water pollution part of critique of consumer society ”internal” critique within science

22. Rachel Carson (1907-64) ”The road we have long been traveling is deceptively easy, a smooth superhighway om which we progress with great speed, but at its end lies disaster.” a biologist turned nature writer combined science and politics inspired environmental movement

23. The Age of Ecology new activist and expert organizations national and international agencies programmatic ambitions: political ecology pollution control policy orientation

24. Politicization broad-based alliances media become central sites of debate organized information campaigns focus on energy production and use Interest in alternative and ”utopian” technologies

25. Nordic Folkcenter for Renewable Energy The New Alchemy Institute Ark

26. Differentiation political parties, professional activism beginnings of environmental management lobbying, expertise, research wide range of issue areas emergence of anti-environmentalism

27. The Risk Society Thesis a variant of post-industrialism outgrowth of nuclear energy and biotech debates from production of ”goods” to ”bads” the ”manufacturing of uncertainties” need for ”reflexivity”, risk assessment

28. Internationalization transnational networks and alliances key sites: intergovernmental meetings link to socio-economic development emphasis on global issues sustainable development new policy doctrine

29. Integration appropriation by other actors market becomes key political arena importance of discursive, or cultural politics green business versus critical ecology

30. Dialectics of Sustainable Development Green businessCritical ecology ”Ecological modernization” ”Environmental justice” Instrumental rationalityCommunicative rationality Technological innovationAppropriate technology Commercial orientationCommunity emphasis Expert solutionsPublic engagement

31. The Growth of Green Business environmental economics and policy sustainable development Environmental awareness, or consciousness environ- mental management ecological economics corporate social responsibility ecoefficiency natural capitalism pollution prevention, cleaner technologies pollution control, ”end-of pipe” environmental impact assessment appropriate technology, renewable energy green growth

32. Science and Green Business Environmental issues and, more recently, climate change seen as providing new opportunities for scientists and engineers A transdisciplinary and transnational approach to research An emphasis on commercial networks, or systems of innovation: the ”triple helix” A tendency toward hubris: the myth of science-based progress and the technical fix

33. Contention other issues become important regime shift in US, Denmark and other countries the coming of environmental skepticism, e.g. Lomborg increasing emphasis on global warming media – and internet - as key political sites

34. Environmental Skepticism outgrowth of neo-conservative, neo-nationalist movements supported financially by ”big oil” and agro-business skeptical about importance of environmental problems an organized opposition to green business mobilizing traditional modernist and nationalist values

35. The Broader Context: Changing Modes of Knowledge Making “Little Science” “Big Science” “Controversy” “Globalization” Before WWII 1940s-50s 1960s-70s 1980s- main orientation industrial atomic societal commercial type of disciplinary multidisciplinary interdisciplinary transdisciplinary knowledge ideal, or values academic bureaucratic collective entrepreneurial

36. The Age of ”Big Science”, 1940s and 1950s expansion in size, scale and resources atomic orientation, both military and ”civilian” university-government collaboration bureaucratic norm, or value system new role for the state and multistate alliances

37. The Age of Controversy, 1960s and 1970s critiques of militarization and ”big science” public debates esp. about atomic energy interest in student-centered forms of education ”grass-roots” engineering (e.g. OVE) emergence of technology assessment

38. The Age of Globalization, from 1980s change in range and scope market orientation, ”privatization” university-industry collaboration entrepreneurial norm, or value system the state as strategist: innovation policy from assessment to promotion: ”foresight”

39. The Coming of Technoscience blurring discursive boundaries between science (episteme) and technology (techne) breaking down institutional borders between public and private, economic and academic transgressing cognitive barriers between academic disciplines and societal domains

40. The Cultural Appropriation of Technoscience The dominant, or hegemonic strategy (mode 2): commercialization, entrepreneurship, transdisciplinarity The residual, or traditionalist strategy (mode 1): academicization, expertise, multidisciplinarity An emerging, or sustainable strategy (mode 3): hybridization, empowerment, cross-disciplinarity

41. Transdisciplinarity, or ”mode 2” ”Knowledge which emerges from a particular context of application with its own distinct theoretical structures, research methods and modes of practice but which may not be locatable on the prevailing disciplinary map.” Michael Gibbons et al, The New Production of Knowledge (1994)

42. The Forces of Habit(us) Sustainability science seen as a matter of restructuring or recombining established scientific and engineering fields A kind of academicization strategy: subdisciplinary specialties in academic departments or multidisciplinary centers A continuing belief in separating scientific knowledge from politics

43. “A discipline is defined by possession of a collective capital of specialized methods and concepts, mastery of which is the tacit or implicit price of entry to the field. It produces a ‘historical transcendental,’ the disciplinary habitus, a system of schemes of perception and appreciation (where the incorporated discipline acts as a censorship).” Pierre Bourdieu, Science of Science and Reflexivity (2004) The Discipline as Habitus

44. A Need for a ”Mode 3”, or a Hybrid Imagination At the discursive, or macro level Sustainability engineering: connecting science and engineering to sustainable community development At the institutional, or meso level Social responsibility: creating opportunities for learning across faculties and social domains At the personal, or micro level Technoscientific citizenship: combining scientific and technical competence with socio-cultural understanding

45. For example: Fritjof Capra physicist-turned-environmentalist author of many popular books founder of Center for Ecoliteracy

46. “Since the outstanding characteristic of the biosphere is its inherent ability to sustain life, a sustainable human community must be designed in such a manner that its technologies and social institutions honor, support, and cooperate with nature's inherent ability to sustain life.”

47. The Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) is a public interest research and advocacy organisation based in New Delhi. CSE researches into, lobbies for and communicates the urgency of development that is both sustainable and equitable. Anil Agarwal, the founder of CSE, shown at work with one of the six State of India reports that the centre has put out since the 1980s. For example:

48. The Alley Flat Initiative is a joint collaboration between the University of Texas Center for Sustainable Development, the Guadalupe Neighborhood Development Corporation, and the Austin Community Design and Development Center. The Alley Flat Initiative proposes a new sustainable, green affordable housing alternative for Austin. For example: The Alley Flat Initiative

49. The initial goal of the project was to build two prototype alley flats (aka granny flats)- one for each of two families in East Austin - that would showcase both the innovative design and environmental sustainability features of the alley flat designs. These prototypes will demonstrate how sustainable housing can support growing communities by being affordable and adaptable. The first of these prototypes celebrated its house warming with the community in June of 2008, and the second prototype is slated to begin construction in early 2009. From the website:

51. The long-term objective of the Alley Flat Initiative is to create an adaptive and self-perpetuating delivery system for sustainable and affordable housing in Austin. The "delivery system" would include not only efficient housing designs constructed with sustainable technologies, but also innovative methods of financing and home ownership that benefit all neighborhoods in Austin. http://www.thealleyflatinitiative.org/

52. Contending Modes of Sustainability Research sustainability sustainability sustainability science management engineering Forms of policy-driven commercial contextual activityresearch innovation appropriation Types ofpost-normal managerial/ situated/ Knowledge interdisciplinary transdisciplinary cross-disciplinary Forms oftraditional, professional, engaged, learningscholarly instrumental participatory Researcher’sexpert entrepreneur concerned citizen role Contexts of governments companies communities application (”state”) (”market”) (”civil society”)