2. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Forms of Energy Lesson 2Lesson 2Energy Transfers and Transformations Lesson 3Lesson 3Particles in Motion Chapter Wrap-Up

3. Chapter Introduction What is the difference between energy transfers and energy transformations?

4. Chapter Introduction What do you think? Before you begin, decide if you agree or disagree with each of these statements. As you view this presentation, see if you change your mind about any of the statements.

5. Chapter Introduction 1.An object sitting on a high shelf has no energy. 2.There are many forms of energy. 3.In most systems, no energy is transferred to the environment. Do you agree or disagree?

6. Chapter Introduction 4.Some forms of energy are replenished naturally. 5.Only particles that make up moving objects are in motion. 6.Thermal energy can be transferred in several ways. Do you agree or disagree?

7. Lesson 1 Reading Guide - KC How do potential energy and kinetic energy differ? How are mechanical energy and thermal energy similar? What two forms of energy are carried by waves? Forms of Energy

8. Lesson 1 Reading Guide - Vocab energy potential energy chemical energy nuclear energy kinetic energy electric energy Forms of Energy mechanical energymechanical energy thermal energy wave sound energy radiant energy

9. Lesson 1-1 Energy influences everything in your life, including the climate, the economy, and your body. Scientists define energy as the ability to cause change.energy Energy

10. Lesson 1-2 Potential energy is stored energy due to the interaction between objects or particles.Potential energy Objects have potential energy if they have the potential to cause change. Potential Energy

11. Lesson 1-2 Objects have gravitational potential energy if they have mass and height above Earth’s surface.

12. Lesson 1-2 Chemical energy is the energy stored in and released from the bonds between atoms.Chemical energy Your body breaks chemical bonds in foods and coverts the released energy into other forms of energy that your body can use. Potential Energy (cont.)

13. Lesson 1-2 The energy stored in and released from the nucleus of an atom is called nuclear energy.nuclear energy The Sun’s energy is released through the process of nuclear fusion, during which the nuclei of atoms join together and release large amounts of energy. Potential Energy (cont.)

14. Lesson 1-3 Kinetic energy is energy due to motion.Kinetic energy An object’s kinetic energy is related to the mass and the speed of the object. The energy in an electric current is electric energy.electric current Kinetic Energy

15. Lesson 1-3 Kinetic Energy (cont.) How do potential energy and kinetic energy differ?

16. Lesson 1-4 The sum of the potential energy and the kinetic energy in a system is mechanical energy.mechanical energy Combined Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy mechanical from Greek mēchanē, means “machine”

17. Lesson 1-4 An object’s thermal energy is the sum of the kinetic energy and the potential energy of the particles that make up the object.thermal energy Thermal energy of an object increases when the potential energy, the kinetic energy, or both increase. Combined Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy (cont.)

18. Lesson 1-4 Combined Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy (cont.) Compare mechanical energy and thermal energy.

19. Lesson 1-4 A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy from one place to another without transferring matter.wave Sound energy is carried by sound waves.Sound energy The energy carried by electromagnetic waves is radiant energy.radiant energy Energy Carried by Waves

20. Lesson 1-4 Electromagnetic waves often are described by their wavelengths—the distance from one point on a wave to the nearest point just like it.

21. Lesson 1-4 Visible light is one form of radiant energy.

22. Lesson 1-4 Energy Carried by Waves (cont.) What two forms of energy are carried by waves?

23. Lesson 1 - VS Objects can have potential energy (stored energy) and kinetic energy (energy due to movement). Mechanical energy is due to large- scale motions and interactions in a system. Thermal energy is due to atomic-scale motions and interactions in particles.

24. Lesson 1 - VS Two kinds of energy carried by waves are sound energy and radiant energy.

25. Lesson 1 – LR1 A.chemical energy B.kinetic energy C.mechanical energy D.nuclear energy Which term describes energy stored in and released from the bonds between atoms?

26. Lesson 1 – LR2 A.wave B.wavelength C.potential energy D.thermal energy Which refers to a disturbance that transfers energy from one place to another without transferring matter?

27. Lesson 1 – LR3 A.chemical energy B.nuclear energy C.potential energy D.radiant energy What type of energy provides the warmth from the Sun?

28. Lesson 1 - Now 1.An object sitting on a high shelf has no energy. 2.There are many forms of energy. Do you agree or disagree?

29. Lesson 2 Reading Guide - KC What is the law of conservation of energy? How is energy transformed and transferred? What are renewable and nonrenewable energy resources? Energy Transfers and Transformations

30. Lesson 2 Reading Guide - Vocab law of conservation of energylaw of conservation of energy energy transfer energy transformationenergy transformation Energy Transfers and Transformations work open system closed system renewable energy resourcerenewable energy resource nonrenewable energy resourcenonrenewable energy resource

31. Lesson 2-1 The law of conservation of energy says that energy can be transformed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed.law of conservation of energy Law of Conservation of Energy

32. Lesson 2-1 The law of conservation of energy indicates that the amount of radiant energy that shines out of the flashlight cannot be greater than the chemical energy stored in the battery.

33. Lesson 2-1 Law of Conservation of Energy (cont.) What is the law of conservation of energy?

34. Lesson 2-1 When energy moves from one object to another without changing form, an energy transfer occurs. energy transfer The mechanical energy of a tennis racket changing the movement of the ball is an example of an energy transfer. Law of Conservation of Energy (cont.)

35. Lesson 2-1 When one form of energy is converted to another form of energy, an energy transformation occurs.energy transformation The conversion of chemical energy stored in a tennis player’s muscle changing to mechanical energy when she swings her arm is an example of an energy transformation. Law of Conservation of Energy (cont.)

36. Lesson 2-1 Law of Conservation of Energy (cont.) Identify an energy transfer and an energy transformation that occurs when someone plays a guitar.

37. Lesson 2-1 To a scientist, work is the transfer of energy that occurs when a force makes an object move in the direction of the force. Work is only being done while the force is acting on the object.work Any time there is an energy transformation or energy transfer, some energy is transformed into thermal energy. Law of Conservation of Energy (cont.)

38. Lesson 2-1 Because energy transformations are inefficient, some of the chemical energy transforms to thermal energy and sound energy that are released to the environment. An open system is a system that exchanges matter or energy with the environment.open system Law of Conservation of Energy (cont.)

39. Lesson 2-1 A closed system is a system that does not exchange matter or energy with the environment.closed system In reality, there are no closed systems because every physical system transfers some energy to or from its environment. Law of Conservation of Energy (cont.)

40. Lesson 2-1 Law of Conservation of Energy (cont.) system from Greek systema, means “whole made of several parts”

41. Lesson 2-2 A renewable energy resource is an energy resource that is replaced as fast as, or faster than, it is used.renewable energy resource Solar energy from the Sun is one type of renewable energy resource that can be converted into electric energy. Energy Transformations and Electric Energy

42. Lesson 2-2 Wind moves the blades of a wind turbine to generate electric energy. In hydroelectric plants, falling water is channeled through a turbine which transforms mechanical energy into electric energy. Energy Transformations and Electric Energy (cont.)

43. Lesson 2-2 Geothermal plants transfer thermal energy from the Earth to water, creating steam that turns turbines in electric generators. Biomass includes wood, plants, manure, and garbage, all of which are sources of stored chemical energy that can be transformed to electric energy in energy plants. Energy Transformations and Electric Energy (cont.)

44. Lesson 2-2 Nonrenewable energy resources are energy resources that are available in limited amounts or that are used faster than they can be replaced in nature.Nonrenewable energy resources Fossil fuels include petroleum, natural gas, propane and coal. In nuclear energy plants, uranium atoms are split apart in a process called nuclear fission. Energy Transformations and Electric Energy (cont.)

45. Lesson 2-2 Most of the energy used in the United States comes from nonrenewable energy resources.

46. Lesson 2-2 Energy Transformations and Electric Energy (cont.) What are renewable and nonrenewable energy resources?

47. Lesson 2 - VS Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. Systems are classified as open systems or closed systems based on their interactions with their environment. Energy resources are classified as renewable or nonrenewable based on their abundance and availability.

48. Lesson 2 – LR1 A.conservation B.work C.closed system D.open system Which term refers the transfer of energy that occurs when a force makes an object move in the direction of the force?

49. Lesson 2 – LR2 A.closed system B.energy resource C.geothermal energy D.open system A car’s engine is an example of which of these?

50. Lesson 2 – LR3 A.open system B.solar energy C.nonrenewable energy resource D.renewable energy resource Which is an example of biomass?

51. Lesson 2 - Now 3.In most systems, no energy is transferred to the environment. 4. Some forms of energy are replenished naturally. Do you agree or disagree?

52. Lesson 3 Reading Guide - KC What is the kinetic molecular theory? In what three ways is thermal energy transferred? How are thermal conductors and insulators different? Particles in Motion

53. Lesson 3 Reading Guide - Vocab temperature heat conduction radiation Particles in Motion convection vaporization thermal conductor thermal insulator

54. Lesson 3-1 The kinetic molecular theory explains how particles move and has three major points: All matter is made of particles. Particles are in constant, random motion. Particles constantly collide with each other and with the walls of their container. Kinetic Molecular Theory

55. Lesson 3-1 Particles that make up all matter are in constant motion. On average, solid particles move slowest, liquid particles move faster, and gas particles move the fastest.

56. Lesson 3-1 Kinetic Molecular Theory (cont.) What are the three points of the kinetic molecular theory?

57. Lesson 3-1 The measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a material is temperature. temperature When the particles that make up a material move slowly, they occupy less volume than they do at a higher temperature. Thermal expansion is the increase in volume of a material due to a temperature increase. Kinetic Molecular Theory (cont.)

58. Lesson 3-1 When water is cooled to near its freezing point, interactions between water molecules push the molecules apart. Kinetic Molecular Theory (cont.)

59. Lesson 3-1 As the kinetic energy of the particles that make up a material increases, the thermal energy of the particles increases. As the kinetic energy of the particles that make up a material decreases, the thermal energy of the particles decreases. Kinetic Molecular Theory (cont.)

60. Lesson 3-1 When you put a warm bottle of water in a cold refrigerator, thermal energy is transferred.

61. Lesson 3-1 The movement of thermal energy from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature is called heat.heat When the temperatures of materials that are in contact are the same, the materials are said to be in thermal equilibrium. Kinetic Molecular Theory (cont.)

62. Lesson 3-1 Kinetic Molecular Theory (cont.) equilibrium from Latin aequus, means “equal”; and libra, means “a balance or scale”

63. Lesson 3-2 Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy by collisions between particles in matter.Conduction Radiation is the transfer of thermal energy by electromagnetic waves.Radiation Convection is the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of the particles from one part of a material to another.Convection Heat Transfer

64. Lesson 3-2 Conduction, radiation, and convection are ways in which thermal energy is transferred.

65. Lesson 3-2 Heat Transfer (cont.) In what three ways is thermal energy transferred?

66. Lesson 3-3 Melting is the change of state from a solid to a liquid. Freezing is the change of state from a liquid to a solid. Heat and Changes of State

67. Lesson 3-3 Vaporization is the change of state from a liquid to a gas.Vaporization Vaporization that occurs within a liquid is called boiling. Vaporization that occurs at the surface of a liquid is called evaporation. Heat and Changes of State (cont.)

68. Lesson 3-3 Sublimation is the change of state that occurs when a solid changes to a gas without passing through the liquid state. Deposition is the change of state from a gas directly to a solid without passing through the liquid state. Water vapor undergoes deposition when it freezes and forms frost. Heat and Changes of State (cont.)

69. Lesson 3-3 Heat and Changes of State (cont.) sublime Science Use to change from a solid state to a gas state without passing through the liquid state Common Use inspiring awe; supreme, outstanding, or lofty in thought or language

70. Lesson 3-4 A thermal conductor is a material in which thermal energy moves quickly.thermal conductor A thermal insulator is a material in which thermal energy moves slowly.thermal insulator Conductors and Insulators

71. Lesson 3-4 Conductors and Insulators (cont.) How do thermal conductors differ from thermal insulator?

72. Lesson 3 - VS The kinetic molecular theory explains how particles move in matter.

73. Lesson 3 - VS Thermal energy is transferred in various ways by particles and waves. Materials vary in how well they conduct thermal energy.

74. Lesson 3 – LR1 A.conduction B.convection C.heat D.radiation Which term refers to the transfer of thermal energy between particles in matter?

75. Lesson 3 – LR2 A.conduction B.convection C.radiation D.vaporization Which describes the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of particles from one part of a material to another?

76. Lesson 3 – LR3 A.deposition B.melting C.sublimation D.vaporization What is the change of state from a gas directly to a solid without passing through the liquid state?

77. Lesson 3 - Now 5.Only particles that make up moving objects are in motion. 6.Thermal energy can be transferred in several ways. Do you agree or disagree?

78. Chapter Review Menu Key Concept Summary Interactive Concept Map Chapter Review Standardized Test Practice

79. The BIG Idea Energy is involved in all physical processes; it is transferred when it moves from object to object without changing form. Energy is transformed when it is converted to another form. Energy is conserved during transfers and transformations.

80. Key Concepts 1 Potential energy is stored energy, and kinetic energy is energy of motion. Both mechanical energy and thermal energy involve kinetic energy and potential energy. Mechanical energy is the sum of the kinetic energy and the potential energy in a system of objects. Thermal energy is the sum of the kinetic energy and the potential energy in a system of particles. Sound energy and radiant energy are carried by waves. Lesson 1: Forms of Energy

81. Key Concepts 2 Lesson 2: Energy Transfers and Transformations The law of conservation of energy says that energy can be transformed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed. Energy is transformed when it is converted from one form to another. It is transferred when it moves from one object to another. Renewable energy resources are resources that are replaced as fast as, or faster than they are used. Nonrenewable energy resources are resources that are available in limited quantities or are used faster than they can be replaced.

82. Key Concepts 3 The kinetic molecular theory says that all objects are made of particles; all particles are in constant, random motion; and the particles collide with each other and with the walls of their container. Thermal energy is transferred by conduction, radiation, and convection. A thermal conductor transfers thermal energy easily and a thermal insulator does not transfer thermal energy easily. Lesson 3: Particles in Motion

83. Chapter Review – MC1 A.mechanical energy B.nuclear energy C.sound energy D.thermal energy Which describes the sum of the potential energy and the kinetic energy in a system?

84. Chapter Review – MC2 A.electric energy B.kinetic energy C.potential energy D.radiant energy Which refers to energy due to motion?

85. Chapter Review – MC3 A.fossil fuel B.natural gas C.nonrenewable energy resource D.renewable energy resource Which term refers to an energy resource that is replaced as fast as, or faster than, it is used?

86. Chapter Review – MC4 A.closed system B.energy resource C.open system D.solar energy Which term refers to a system that exchanges matter or energy with the environment?

87. Chapter Review – MC5 A.conduction B.deposition C.heat D.vaporization Which refers to the movement of thermal energy from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature?

88. Chapter Review – STP1 A.energy B.heat C.wave D.work Which term refers to the ability to cause change?

89. Chapter Review – STP2 A.gravitational potential energy B.kinetic energy C.nuclear energy D.radiant energy If an object has mass and height above Earth’s surface, what type of energy does it have?

90. Chapter Review – STP3 A.chemical energy B.nuclear energy C.radiant energy D.thermal energy What type of energy is stored in and released from the nucleus of an atom?

91. Chapter Review – STP4 A.energy transfer B.solar energy C.nonrenewable energy resources D.renewable energy resources Which term refers to energy resources that are available in limited amounts or that are used faster than they can be replaced in nature?

92. Chapter Review – STP5 A.radiation B.kinetic energy C.thermal conductor D.thermal insulator Which is a material in which thermal energy moves slowly?