1. Information System Development

2. Discuss the purpose of each phase in the system development cycle
Learning Outcomes
Students should be able to…
Discuss the importance of project management, feasibility assessment, documentation, data and information gathering techniques, and information systems security during system development
Discuss the purpose of each phase in the system development cycle

3. The System Development Life Cycle
What is an information system (IS)?
Hardware, software, data, people, and procedures that work together to produce quality information
1996
2007
System—Set of components that interact to achieve common goal
Businesses use many types of systems

4. The System Development Life Cycle
What are the phases of the system development life cycle?
Phase 1. Planning
Phase 2. Analysis
Phase 3. Design
Phase 4. Implementation
Phase 5. Operating, Support, and Security
Review project requests
Prioritize project requests
Allocate resources
Form project development team
Conduct preliminary investigation
Perform detailed analysis activities:
Study current system
Determine user requirements
Recommend solution
Acquire hardware and software, if necessary
Develop details of system
Develop programs, if necessary
Install and test new system
Train users
Convert to new system
Perform maintenance activities
Monitor system performance
Assess system security

5. The System Development Life Cycle
What are guidelines for system development?
Arrange tasks into phases (groups of activities)
Involve users (anyone for whom system is being built)
Develop clearly defined standards (procedures company expects employees to follow)

6. The System Development Life Cycle
Who participates in the system development life cycle?
Stakeholders!

7. The System Development Life Cycle
What is a systems analyst? A person!!!
A person(s) playing the “role” of systems analyst is:
Responsible for designing and developing information systems
the “End Users”
(stakeholders)
primary contact person

8. The System Development Life Cycle
What is the project team?
Formed to work on a project from beginning to end
Consists of users, systems analyst, and other IT professionals
Project leader — one member of the team who manages and controls the project budget and schedule

9. The System Development Life Cycle
What is project management?
Process of planning, scheduling, and controlling activities during system development cycle
Project leader identifies elements for project
Goal, objectives, and expectations, collectively called scope
Required activities & roles played to fulfill the activities
Time estimates for each activity
Cost estimates for each activity
Order of activities
Activities that can take place at same time

10. The System Development Life Cycle
What is a Gantt chart?
Popular tool used to plan and schedule time relationships among project activities

11. The System Development Life Cycle
What is feasibility?
Operational feasibility
Measure of how suitable system development will be to the company
Four feasibility tests:
Schedule feasibility
Economic feasibility (also called cost/benefit feasibility)
Technical feasibility

12. The System Development Life Cycle
What is documentation?
Collection and summarization of data and information
Includes reports, diagrams, programs, and other deliverables
Online Help too!!!

13. The System Development Life Cycle
What are six data and information gathering techniques?
Review documentation
Observe
Questionnaire
Interview
Joint-application design (JAD) session
Research
JAD Session in Progress

14. The System Development Life Cycle
What are some reasons to create or modify an information system?
To correct problem in existing system
To improve existing system
Outside group may mandate change
Competition can lead to change

15. The System Development Life Cycle
What is the planning phase?
Begins when steering committee receives project request
Steering committee — decision-making body for the company
Function of committee:
Review and approve project requests
Prioritize project requests
Allocate resources
Form project development team for each approved project

16. The System Development Life Cycle
What is the analysis phase?
Conduct preliminary investigation, also called feasibility study
Perform detailed analysis
Operational feasibility
Four feasibility tests:
Schedule feasibility
Economic feasibility
Technical feasibility

17. The System Development Life Cycle
What are possible solutions?
Horizontal market software—meets needs of many companies
Buy packaged software —prewritten software available for purchase
Vertical market software—designed for particular industry
Write own custom software —software developed at user’s request
Outsource — have outside source develop software

18. The System Development Life Cycle
What is the design phase?
Acquire hardware and software
Develop all details of new or modified information system
Includes several activities
Database design
Input and output design
Program design

19. The System Development Life Cycle
What is a prototype?
A working model of the proposed system
Mockup is a sample of input and/or output:

20. The System Development Life Cycle
What is computer-aided software engineering (CASE)?
Software tools designed to support activities of the system development life cycle
Two popular Examples:
Microsoft’s Visual Studio
Eclipse

21. The System Development Life Cycle
What is the implementation phase?
Purpose is to construct, or build, new or modified system and then deliver it to users
Convert to new system
Progression
Train users
Install and test new system
Develop programs

22. The System Development Life Cycle
What are the four types of tests performed by system developers?
Unit Test
Systems test
Verifies each individual program works by itself
Verifies all programs in the application work together
Integration Test
Acceptance Test
Verifies application works with other applications
Verifies the new system works with actual data

23. The System Development Life Cycle
What are conversion strategies?
Used to switch from old system to new system

24. The System Development Life Cycle
Perform maintenance activities
What is the operation, support, and security phase?
Monitor system performance
Provides ongoing assistance after system is implemented
Assess system security

25. The System Development Life Cycle
Video: A Tour of Lucasfilm’s Data Center
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26. Programming Languages
What is a computer program (software)?
Set of instructions that directs the computer to perform tasks
Programming language—used to communicate instructions

27. Programming Languages…”in the beginning”
What is machine language?
Only language computer directly recognizes
Uses a series of binary digits (1s and 0s) with a combination of numbers and letters that represent binary digits

28. Programming Languages…a wee-bit newer
What is assembly language?
Instructions made up of symbolic instruction codes, meaningful abbreviations and codes
Source program contains code to be converted to machine language

29. Programming Languages…1960’s until now
What is COBOL?
COmmon Business-Oriented Language
Designed for business applications
English-like statements make code easy to read, write, and maintain

30. Programming Languages…many more today
What are C, C++, C#, Visual Basic, Java, JavaScript, Perl, PerlScript, PHP, Ruby on Rails, Cold Fusion…
Powerful languages
Requires professional programming skills (or at least training of yourself)

31. Programming Languages
What is a compiler?
A program (software) that converts the entire source program into machine language before executing it

32. Programming Languages
What is an interpreter?
A program that translates and executes one program code statement at a time
Does not produce an object program
Browsers do this!
(For example, Firefox or Internet Explorer)

33. Programming Languages…many, many more
What are other available programming languages?
ADA
ALGOL
APL
BASIC
FORTH
FORTRAN
HYPERTALK
LISP
LOGO
MODULA-2
PASCAL
PILOT
PL/1
PROLOG
SMALLTALK

34. Programming Languages
What is an application generator?
Program that creates source code or machine code from a specification
Consists of a report writer, a form, and menu generator
Microsoft Access

35. Programming Languages
What is HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)?
Used to create Web pages
Source Code:
WYSIWYG
(“wiz-e-wig”)
What You See is What You Get:
View -> Source

36. Programming Languages
What is a scripting language?
Programming language used to allow Web pages to be more “powerful” (do more things)
Examples:
JavaScript
VBScript
Perl

37. Programming Languages
What is dynamic HTML (DHTML)?
Enhanced version of HTML which allows developers to include more graphical interest and interactivity on Web pages

38. Programming Languages
What are XML and WML?
XML (Extensible Markup Language) allows developers to create customized tags
Server sends entire record to client, enabling client to do much of processing without going back to the server
<LastName>Norman</LastName>
<FirstName>Ronald</FirstName>
<College>Grossmont</College>
<OfficePhone> </OfficePhone>
Office 2007 default document
Format is XML: .docx, .xlsx, .pptx
WML (Wireless Markup Language) allows developers to design pages specifically for microbrowsers
Many PDAs and smart phones use WML as their markup language

39. Programming Languages
What is Web page authoring software?
Creates sophisticated Web pages without using HTML
This software generates (creates) the HTML code for you
Dreamweaver
Expression Web
Flash
Silverlight
Examples of Web page authoring software

40. Companies on the Cutting Edge
Video: Electronic Arts Going Mobile
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