1. Estimados Expositores del II Seminario de Electricidad Consequences of increasing penetration of distributed generation on transmission and distribution grids Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012

2. 2 Structure 1.Distributed Generation sources  Wind  Photovoltaik  Hydro  Biomass  Geothermal  CHP 2.Consequences for transmission and distribution grids  Balance Power  Transmission Grids  Distribution Grids Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012

3. 3 Wind Histogramm of the nominal power of Onshore Wind Power Plants installed in Germany in 2010: Fact Sheet: Stand-alone-devices: Are usually connected to MV or HV Parks: Small parks are usually connected to MV or HV, while large parks are connected to HV or the transmission system Off- shore On- shore Fact Sheet: Offshore parks are usually connected to the transmission system Submarine Cable (AC or DC) is necessary between offshore park (P park usually more than 100 MW) and connection point

4. 4 Types of Distributed Generation Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012 Photovoltaik Histogramm of the nominal power of Photovoltaik plants installed in Germany in 2010: Fact Sheet: PV plants with nominal power < ~300 kW are connected to LV PV plants with nominal power between ~300 kW and ~15 MW are connected to MV PV plants with nominal power > ~15 MW are connected to HV

5. 5 Types of Distributed Generation Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012 Hydro Fact Sheet: Often large power plants connected to the transmission system Also smaller distributed generators available which are connected to LV, MV or HV Pump- storage Marine River Fact Sheet: Often large power plants connected to the transmission system Also smaller distributed generators available, usually connected to HV Fact Sheet: Different types: Tidal power Marine current power Wave power … All are still prototypes

6. 6 Types of Distributed Generation Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012 Biomass Histogramm of the nominal power of Photovoltaik plants installed in Germany in 2010: Fact Sheet: Fuel types: Firewood, Pellets, Bio oil, Bio gas, Bio ethanol Can also provide thermal power (CHP) Can be used as base load

7. 7 Types of Distributed Generation Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012 Geothermal Fact Sheet: Exploitation of high water temperatures under ground (>100°C) Nominal power usually up to 10 MW Can be used to provide thermal power (CHP) CHP Fact Sheet: Typical devices: Stirling motor Microgasturbine Piston engine BHKW

8. 8 Main sources of distributed generation Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012 Wind Geothermal Biomass Hydro Marine River Pump- storage On- shore Off- shore CHP Photovoltaik FluctuatingControllable

9. 9 Structure 1.Distributed Generation sources  Wind  Photovoltaik  Hydro  Biomass  Geothermal  CHP 2.Consequences for transmission and distribution grids  Balance Power  Transmission Grids  Distribution Grids Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012

10. Szenario 2040+ Electricity demand Source: own Studies + BMU: DLR "BMU Leitszenario 2009" Goal in Germany: 80% renewable Generation until 2050 Balance power between +35 GW and -24 GW by: - Peak load power plants - Storages - Import of renewable Energy - Demand Side Management Severe transmission network reinforcement Reinforcement and operation of distribution networks: - Smart Market - Smart Grid Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012

11. Szenario 2040+ Goal in Germany: 80% renewable Generation until 2050 Balance power between +35 GW and -24 GW by: - Peak load power plants - Storages - Import of renewable Energy - Demand Side Management Severe transmission network reinforcement Pump storage in Germany today: 7,5 GW, 45 GWh Demand 2040+: 35 GW => 1.750 GWh Reinforcement and operation of distribution networks: - Smart Market - Smart Grid Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012

12. Erneuerbare Energien geprägte ländliche Gebiete Last- bzw. verbrauchsgeprägte städtische Gebiete Future scenarios with large amount of renewable energies require flexible loads (storage capability) Renewable Energy Ressources primarily in Rural Areas Load or Consumption Centers in highly Populated Areas Balanced via European Electricity Market and Transmission Network Source: TU Dortmund + ABB Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012

13. Szenario 2040+ Goal in Germany: 80% renewable Generation until 2050 Balance power between +35 GW and -24 GW by: - Peak load power plants - Storages - Import of renewable Energy - Demand Side Management Severe transmission network reinforcement Verteilnetzausbau und -betrieb Reinforcement and operation of distribution networks: - Smart Market - Smart Grid Source: TU Dortmund Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012 Load centers Future offshore wind parks Transmission network reinforcement (2040+)  at least 3000 km lines (380 kV + maybe HVDC)  costs min 6 - 8 bil Euro 2040+  corresponds to approx. 0,25 - 0,35 ct / kWh additional wind generation

14. 14 Vision: WAMS & WACS Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012 PMU Dynamic State Model Stability Information Network Control & System Protection

15. Szenario 2040+ Goal in Germany: 80% renewable Generation until 2050 Balance power between +35 GW and -24 GW by: - Peak load power plants - Storages - Import of renewable Energy - Demand Side Management Increasing share of DG -------- -------- ---- ---- ---- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------... xx New loads and load management Severe transmission network reinforcement Reinforcement and operation of distribution networks: - Smart Market - Smart Grid Source: TU Dortmund + RWE + Mennekes Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012

16. Distribution grids reach limits of capacity and voltage due to renewable generation and new controllable load applications Increasing share of DG... -------- -------- ---- ---- ---- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- xx Implementation of innovative devices, grid and operation/control concepts New loads and load management Source: TU Dortmund RWE Deutschland AG DG new Loads Voltage / V Time / h Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012

17. Demand of network reinforcement results from Smart Grid und Smart Market requirements Smart GridSmart Market Grid / System Operation Asset Management (Investment) Grid planning  The design of future grids must jointly consider Operation, Asset Management und Planning according to the requirements of Smart Grids und Smart Markets.  Demand of network reinforcement and the corresponding regulatory consequences must be investigated for the future based on these boundary conditions. Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012

18. Coordinated use of voltage control and reactive power management NS-AVC MS-AVC Tap Changer Trafo + AVC - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -... x x HS/MS MS/NS... Q-Management Q- SVC STATCOM, Storage STATCOM, Storage - - - - - - - - -  direct voltage control  indirect voltage control Smart Grid Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012

19. Aggregator bundels loads/gen. and provides system services or market products E-Energy Market Place Aggregator Demand Response Demand Side Mgmt Supply Side Mgmt. Electricity Market Energy Supplier Energy Trader Network Restrictions System Services Grid Operator Daten Gas Strom Data Gas Electricity - Micro- CHP - Prosumer (active custromer) HV/MV MV/LV Smart Market Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012

20. Szenario 2040+ Goal in Germany: 80% renewable Generation until 2050 Balance power between +35 GW and -24 GW by: - Peak load power plants - Storages - Import of renewable Energy - Demand Side Management Severe transmission network reinforcement Verteilnetzausbau und -betrieb Reinforcement and operation of distribution networks: - Smart Market - Smart Grid  Integrated consideration of measures in all fields of power system operation and planning is necessary  Investigations are required to determine the optimum share between network reinforcement or other Smart Grid and Smart Market measures  Integration of Distributed Generation requires modifications to the power system Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012

21. 21 Thank you for your attention!