1. Travel Brochure of Digestive System
By Sunny Wang

2. Welcome!
Good morning! Welcome to Duodenum Ad Agency. I am Sunny Wang, your tourist guide during this 5 days tour of human digestive system. Enjoy your time!

3. Bibliography Brief In Introduction P4 Alimentary Canal P5 Tongue P7
Teeth P8
Salivary Glands P9
Pharynx P10
Epiglottis P11
Esophagus P12
Cardiac Sphincter P13
Stomach P15
Pyloric Sphincter P16
Duodenum P17
Pancreas P18
Gall Bladder P19
Liver P20
Small Intestine P22
Villi P23
Appendix P24
Large Intestine P25
Rectum P26
Anus P27
Physical and Chemical Digestion P30
Digestive Enzymes P31
Chemical Digestion of Carb P32
Chemical Digestion of Protein P33
Chemical Digestion of Fat P34
Importance of Liver and Pancreas P36
Mesentery P37
Mucus P38
pH Level P39
E Coli P40
Heartburn P42
Reference P43

4. Brief Introduction
Human digestive system is a complex processes. In order to use the food we eat, our body has to break the food down into smaller molecules that it can process; it also has to excrete waste.

5. Alimentary Canal
The alimentary canal means the whole digestive tract from the mouth to the anus.

6. First Day!

7. Tongue
Tongue moves food to the pharynx and keeps food in the mouth.

8. Teeth
Teeth start the process of physical digestion and pushes chewed food to the pharynx. With our teeth, food become pieces so that convenient for swallowing.

9. Salivary Glands
The salivary glands produce saliva which moisten food and use amylase to digest carbohydrate. There are three different salivary glands: sublingual gland which beneath the tongue, submaxillary gland which under the mouth and partoid gland which in front of ears.

10. Pharynx
The pharynx is at back of the throat and it is the place that swallowing occurs.

11. Epiglottis
It is located at the back of the throat where oral and nasal cavities join. Also it is where swallowing occurs.

12. Esophagus
The esophagus is the tube which leads from the pharynx to the stomach. Food moves down in the esophagus by peristalsis.

13. Cardiac Sphincter
Cardiac sphincter is muscle which close off the top of the stomach. It’s function is to keep stomach acid from entering the esophagus.

14. Second Day!

15. Stomach
The stomach is a J-shaped organ which stores and churns food. There are both chemical and physical digestions in the stomach . Chruning is physical digestion and results “acid chyme”. Chemical digestion of protein is start in stomach.

16. Pyloric Sphincter
Pyloric sphincter is located at the bottom of the stomach. It ‘s function is to let a small amount of chyme to enter the intestine.

17. Duodenum
The duodenum is first 1o inches of the small intestine. In the duodenum, bile enters and emulsifies fat. Thus, pancreas help to digest carbohydrate, protein and fats.

18. Pancreas
The role of the pancreas is to make insulin, glacagon, and pancreatic juices, including sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate neutralizes the acid chyme.

19. Gall Bladder
The gallbladder acts as a storage for bile. Bile can emulsifies fats which means break down fat into small fat droplets. Bile is not an enzyme.

20. Liver
The liver has 6 different functions.
1 to produce bile.
2 to destroy old red blood cell and replace hemoglobin to a product in bile.
3 Stores and then breaks down glycogen to glucose between eating to help maintain glucose level of blood.
4 produces urea by deamination
5 Uses amino acid to make blood proteins.
6 Detoxification.

21. Third Day!

22. Small Intestine
The first 25cm of the small intestine is duodenum. Small intestine receives bile and pancreas juice through the duct. Nutrients are absorbed into the vessels of villi. Small intestine has a large surface area to absorb carbohydrate, protein and fats.

23. Villi
Villi is the singular of villus, are finger-like projections in the small intestine that help absorb food more efficiently in the body.

24. Appendix
The appendix has no function.

25. Large Intestine
The large intestine is also known as the colon. It is divided into ascending, transverse, sigmoid and descending colons. The colon's functions are to absorb water and to eliminate The matter remaining after water is known as feces.

26. Rectum
The rectum at the end of the large intestine. It stores undigested waste temporally.

27. Anus
Anus is bands of muscle that allows waste to exit from body.

28. Digestion Result

29. Fourth Day!

30. Mechanical & Chemical Digestion
Mechanical digestion is simply breaks down food into pieces. Chemical digestion using enzymes

31. Digestive Enzymes
Amylase: Acts on starch to break it into many molecules of moltose. Then moltose is broken down into glucose.
Protease: Breaks down proteins to peptides and later become amino acid. There are two types of proteases: Pepsin and trypsin.
Lipase: Produced by pancreas. Breaks down fat droplets.
Nuclease: Breaks down RNA and DNA into nucleotides. Both small intestine and pancreas produce nuclease.

32. Chemical Digestion Carbohydrate
Hydrolysis is the result of chemical digestion of carbohydrate. There are three parts that enzymes take place. Salivary amylase is in saliva, pancreatic amylase occurs in duodenum but produced by pancreas. And moltase is produced in the small intestine.

33. Chemical Digestion Protein
There are two types of protein, pepsin is produced by gastric gland and trypsin is produced by the pancreas. There are two steps to break down proteins. Firstly, protease breaks down proteins to peptides. Then, peptidase breaks down peptides into amino acid.

34. Chemical Digestion Fat
Bile is an important substance during the digestion of fat. Bile is not an enzyme. It is produced by liver but stores in the gall bladder. It emulsifies fat into small fat droplets so that droplets can disperse water. Thus, lipase can break down fat droplets into glycerol and 3 fatty acid.

35. Fifth Day!

36. Importance of Liver and Pancreas
The pancreas serves two roles in the human body. One function is to produce enzymes that break our food down small enough to be absorbed into our body. The second function is to produce the hormones insulin and glucagon. The pancreas can develop disorders and diseases that effect both functions. It manufactures and secretes digestive enzymes such as amylase, which digests starch. It also produces lipase, which breaks down fats, and trypsin, a protein processor. The pancreas creates and secretes insulin, glucagon and other hormones. Insulin and glucagon are especially important for the maintenance of blood sugar, as insulin lowers the blood sugar and glucagon increases the blood sugar according to the body's needs.

37. Mesentery
Sheets of membrane that are attached to organs and prevent your intestines from twisting during digestive movements.

38. Mucus
Mucus creates a barrier that prevents infection.

39. Digestive System pH Levels
The overall pH level is about However, acid in body is lower than that.

40. E Coli
The E. Coli offers vital service to us and helps metabolize our bodies.

41. Digestive Diseases

42. Heartburn
Heartburn — stomach feels an uncomfortable (burning and warmth) due to acid backs up into the esophagus.

43. Reference Handouts By Mr. Heard Inquiry into Life By Sylvia S. Mader

44. Thanks!
Good bye! Wish you learn something useful and take photos during this trip!