1. 13 CHAPTER Types of correctional institutions
Compare and contrast prisons and jails
Public and Private Prisons 
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. Midterm Essays CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. There are 3 essays—you must complete ALL 3.
Each essay should be 2-3 pages (double spaced) in length.
You need to use at least 3 references and APA style.
Use your own words with supportive paraphrases and/or quotations.
The midterm essays are worth 100 points.
Please include all three essays in ONE Word document.
Make sure that you attach your essay when you make your submission in the dropbox.
DUE DATE: End of Unit 5
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. Midterm Essays Grading Rubric
Organization 15 points
Content 60 points (20 each essay)
Writing Style 15 points
Format 10 points
100 Total
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. What are the differences between jails and prisons?
Highlight and describe the major characteristics and purposes of a jail and prison.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. A prison is a state or federal confinement facility that has
Prisons
A prison is a state or federal
confinement facility that has
custodial authority over adults
sentenced to confinement.
The use of prisons as a place to
serve punishment is a relatively
new way to handle offenders.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

7. The Emergence of Prisons
It is unknown when the first prison
was established.
Punitive imprisonment noted in
Europe in the Middle Ages.
American prisons began in the late
1700s.
Early confinement facilities stressed
reformation over punishment.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. Which factors help contribute to the swelling prison populations?
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. The “modern” American correctional system had its origin in what state?
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. Roughly half of inmates are serving time for which type of crime?
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

11. Roughly how many prison staff members are killed each year in our prisons?
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

12. What state in modern times reestablished chain gangs?
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. What is the most important security tool in a prison setting?
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

14. In determining an inmate custody level, what factors are considered by the classification/reception staff?
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. What is the just deserts model of corrections
What is the just deserts model of corrections? Explain the pros and cons of this model. How has it led to an increased use of imprisonment and to prison overcrowding?
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

16. The “Just Deserts” Era 1995--present Based on the justice model.
Emphasis on individual responsibility and
punishment.
Imprisonment is a proper consequence of
criminal and irresponsible behavior.
Chain gangs, “three-strikes,” and reduced
parole.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

17. Prisons Today: Numbers and Types of Prisons
Approximately
1,325 state prisons
84 federal prisons
482 state and federal prisoners
per 100,000 population
On January 1, 2004, state and federal prisons held 1,461,191 inmates. Slightly more than 6.9% of those imprisoned were women.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

18. Prisons Today: Sentences
In state prisons:
49% are violent criminals
19% are property criminals
20% drug law violators
In federal prisons:
61% are drug law violators
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

19. Prisons Today: Race The rate of imprisonment for African
American males is nine times that of
white males.
Bureau of Justice Statistics states that a
black male in America has a 32.3%
lifetime chance of going to prison;
white males have a 5.9% chance.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

20. Prisons Today The size of prisons vary.
The typical state prison is small.
It costs about $62 a day per inmate.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. Prisons Today: Typical System
The typical state prison system has:
1 high security
1 or more medium security
1 for adult women
1 or 2 for young adults
1 or two specialized mental hospital-
type security prisons
1 or more open-type institutions
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

22. Overcrowded Prisons Overcrowding is a serious issue.
Prison capacity—The size of the
correctional population an institution can
effectively hold. There are three types of
prison capacity:
Rated
Operational
Design
Rhodes v. Chapman (1981)—Overcrowding
is not by itself cruel and unusual
punishment.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

23. Identify the three main levels of prison security
Identify the three main levels of prison security? Is there another level?
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

24. Sing Sing, Joliet and the” The Rock” are examples of what types of prison?
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

25. Security Levels in State Prison Systems
There are three security levels:
Maximum
Medium
Minimum
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

26. Maximum Security Most maximum security institutions tend to be
massive old buildings with a large inmate
population, including all death row inmates.
They provide a high level of security with:
High fences/walls of concrete
Several barriers between living area
Secure cells
Armed guards
Gun towers
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

27. Medium Security Medium security prisons are similar in design
to maximum security facilities; however, they:
Usually have more windows.
Tend to have barbed wire fences instead of large stone walls.
Sometimes use dormitory style housing.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

28. Medium Security Medium security prisons allow prisoners more
freedom, such as:
Associating with other prisoners
Going to the prison yard or exercise room
Visiting the library
Showering and using bathroom facilities with less
supervision
An important security tool is the count.
The process of counting inmates during the course
of a day.
Times are random, and all business stops until the count
is verified.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

29. Minimum Security In minimum security prisons:
Housing tends to be dormitory style.
Prisoners usually have freedom of movement
within the facility.
Work is done under general supervision only.
Guards are unarmed, and gun towers do not exist.
Fences, if they exist, are low and sometimes
unlocked.
“Counts” are usually not taken.
Prisoners are sometimes allowed to wear their own
clothes.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

30. Prison Classification System
Classification systems determine which custody level
to assign an inmate to. Assignments are based on:
Offense history
Assessed dangerousness
Perceived risk of escape
Other factors
Inmates may move among the security levels
depending on their behavior.
Internal classification systems determine placement
and program assignment within an institution.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

31. The Flow of Activities in Prison Classification Systems
Source: Adapted from Patricia L. Handyman et al. Internal Prison Classification Systems Case Studies in Their Development and Implementation (Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Corrections, 2002) p. 3
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

32. Today’s Federal Prison System
Today’s federal prison system consists of:
104 institutions
6 regional offices
The Central office (headquarters)
2 staff training centers
28 community corrections offices
At the start of 2004, there were approximately
162,000 prisoners (up from just over 24,000 in
1980).
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

33. Federal Prison System The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP)
classifies its institutions according to five
security levels.
Administrative maximum (ADMAX)
High security (U.S. penitentiaries)
Medium security (federal correctional institutions)
Low security (federal correctional institutions)
Minimum security (federal prison camps)
Additionally, there are administrative facilities,
like metropolitan detention centers (MDCs) and
medical centers for federal prisoners (MDFPs).
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

34. Administrative Maximum (ADMAX)
In 1995, the federal government opened its one and only ADMAX prison:
Ultra-high security
575 bed capacity
Inmates confined to cells 23 hours per day
Inmates cannot associate with one another
Only toughest 1% of federal prison
population is confined there
Holds mob bosses, spies, terrorists
murderers, escape artists, etc.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

35. High Security—U.S. Penitentiaries
There are 8 high security facilities, holding 10% of the federal prison population.
Examples:
Atlanta, GA
Lewisburg, PA
Terre Haute, IN
Leavenworth, KS
They are designed to prevent escapes and contain disturbances by using:
Intense electronic surveillance
Armed perimeter patrols.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

36. Improvements Improvements to our nations prisons can be found in:
Accreditation by the American
Correctional Association’s (ACA)
Training though the National Academy of
Corrections
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

37. Jails

38. Jails
Original purpose—Short-term confinement of suspects following arrest and awaiting trial.
Current use—Jails hold those
convicted of misdemeanors and some felonies, as well as holding suspects following arrest and
awaiting trial.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

39. Jails
Annually, 20 million people go to jail. In 2004, jails held 691,301 inmates.
12% women
6,869 juveniles
25% awaiting arraignment or trial
More than 50% convicted offenders
Jails also hold inmates who cannot fit in the
overcrowded prisons.
Jail authorities supervised another 71,371 inmates under certain community-based programs.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

40. Jails There are 3,365 jails in the U.S.
Most jails are small, designed to hold 50 or
fewer inmates.
Some jails are very big, like “mega-jails” in
LA and NYC.
6% of all jails hold over 50% of all prisoners.
There are 207,600 correctional officers.
3/1 inmate/staff ratio
The average cost to jail a person for a year is $14,500.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

41. Current Issues Facing Jails

42. Women and Jail Women face a number of special problems, including:
Inadequate classification systems
Lack of separate housing
Low educational levels
Substance abuse
Pregnancy
Motherhood
Inadequate substantive medical programs
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

43. Growth of Jails Many jails are old and overcrowded.
By the end of 1980s, many jails were so
overcrowded that court-ordered
caps forced some early releases.
At midyear 2004, occupancy was at:
94% rated capacity for jails serving more than
1000 inmates.
64% rated capacity in those with fewer than 50
inmates.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

44. Direct Supervision Jails
A new jail architecture and
management strategy is called direct
supervision. These jails:
Use a system of pods or modular self-contained
housing areas
Have a more open environment, using Plexiglas
instead of thick walls to separate areas
Use softer furniture
May use “rooms” instead of cells
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

45. Benefits of Direct Supervision Jails
Reduce inmate dissatisfaction
Deter rape and violence
Decrease suicide and escape attempts
Eliminate barriers to staff-inmate interaction
Give staff greater control
Improve staff morale
Reduce lawsuits
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

46. National efforts are underway to improve quality of jail life by:
Future of Jails
National efforts are underway to
improve quality of jail life by:
Adding critical programs for inmates
Increasing jail industries
Jail “boot camps”
Creating regional jails
Implementing jail standards
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

47. What are the three types of privatization within prisons and correctional institutions in the U.S.?
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

48. There are three types of privatization within prisons and correctional institutions in the US. The first involves contracting out food service, medical services, job training, alcohol and drug rehabilitation, and the like. The second involves publicly owned prisons, which contract out the management to a private firm. The final type of privatization involves fully privatized prisons—both owned and operated by a private firm—which contracts with governments for the care of prisoners.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

49. Privatization Private prisons can: The movement toward greater use of
private prisons began in the 1980s.
In 2004, private prisons held 5.7% of all state
and 12.6% of all federal prisoners.
Most states that use private prisons do so to
supplement their own system.
Private prisons can:
Reduce overcrowding
Lower operating expenses
Avoid lawsuits
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

50. Hurdles to Large-Scale Privatization
Large scale privatization is hindered
by:
Laws prohibiting private sector involvement in
correctional management
Possibility of public employees striking
Liability and other legal issues
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

51. NIJ Recommendations The National Institute of Justice
(NIJ) recommends that those states
that privatize corrections:
Regularly survey former inmates about
conditions
Annually visit and inspect facilities
Station state monitors inside large facilities
Review all services before renewing contracts
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

52. Types Of Offenders *Local Awaiting trial/court date Non-convicted Intoxicated Short term convicted *State Those convicted of non federal crimes Drug offenders Sex offenders Murderers *Federal Those convicted of federal crimes Mail fraud Extortionists Bank robbers Some drug offenders Hardest to control from states
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

53. Programming P Lacking Depend on volunteers Lack space, money, staff
Larger jails more programs
Varies from state to state
Basics education, vocational
More adequately funded
Good variety of inmate programs
Drug
Education/GED
Employment
Life skills
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

54. Staff Training Poor training Worst paid Getting better
Starting to emphasize preservice/ inservice
Better trained staff
More money for training
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.