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Published byJosephine Chandler Modified over 9 years ago
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HOMEWORK PHAK CHAPTER 10 JEPPESEN Chapter 8 section A GLEIM CHAPTER 5
ASA CHAPTER 8 8-21 TO 8-35 The next test will be 100% ASA
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Private Pilot Ground School Class #7
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Content of Lesson Meterlogical conditions and their effect on performance. Density altitude effect on takeoff and climb. Use of Various performance charts. Safe and efficient operation of aircraft
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Meterological Conditions
Weather greatly effects aircraft performance. Wind, Atmospheric Pressure, Temperature, Humidity all affect how an aircraft performs.
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Terms Density altitude; measurement of the density of the air expressed in terms of altitude. Density altitude is pressure altitude corrected for a non standard temperature. High density altitude; a condition in which the air is less dense
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High Density Altitude 4 things contribute to a high density altitude:
1. High field elevation Density altitude is increased by an increase in field elevation i.e. Seattle to Denver 18,000 feet atmospheric pressure is roughly halved
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High Density Altitude 2. Low pressure system
Density altitude is increased by a decrease in pressure Low pressure weather system = lower pressure
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High Density Altitude 3. High temperature
Density altitude is increased by an increase in temperature Spreads out molecules makes air less dense
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High Density Altitude 4. High humidity
Density altitude is increased by an increase in humidity A given volume of dry air is more dense than the same volume of moist air
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High Density Altitude The atmosphere is 78% nitrogen 21% oxygen 1% inert gases Water vapor varies from almost none to 5% by volume Water vapor then displaces oxygen molecules
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High vs. Low Density Altitude
Hot, humid, high elevation and low pressure = High density altitude Cold, dry, low elevation and high pressure = Low density altitude
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High Density Altitude Airplane effected several ways:
1. Wing is less effective 2. Propeller is less effective 3. Engine puts out less horsepower
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Performance is effected High Density Altitude:
1. Rate of climb is lower 2. Time to climb is longer 3. Takeoff roll is longer 4. Acceleration is slower 5. Higher true airspeed means faster approach 6. Longer landing roll
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So how can the pilot minimize the effects of High density altitude?
1. Leave in the morning when its cooler 2. Off load some baggage and or passengers 3. Make two trips 4. Take a higher performing aircraft
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Continued 5. Lean the engine for more horsepower unless POH says not to 6. Do your calculations ahead of time and make the go, no go decision early. Do not let the people you travel with or Boss make you compromise safety
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Density Altitude The primary reason for computing density altitude is to determine aircraft performance Remember Density altitude is Pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature
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Density Altitude It can be found 2 ways 1. Use the chart
2. Use the computer
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Standard Atmosphere 29.92, millibars, psi standard sea level 59 F or 15 C standard temp. at sea level
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Computing Density Altitude
1st step: convert elevation or altitude to pressure altitude. can be done by setting into altimeter or by subtracting from the current pressure then multiplying by 1000 then either adding or subtracting from the current pressure value
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Computing Density Altitude
E.G. Field elevation 1185 pressure 30.55 29.92 x 1000 = -630’ = 555’ Pressure Altitude
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Computing Density Altitude
So the airplane thinks its flying at 555 feet because of the extra pressure 555 is closer to sea level than 1185
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Computing Density Altitude
E.G. Field elevation 1185 pressure 29.62 29.92 -29.62 .30 x 1000 = = 1485
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Computing Density Altitude
So the airplane thinks its flying at 1485 feet because of the decrease in atmospheric pressure 2nd step: Take the pressure altitude and the temperature at your elevation or altitude and follow the lines on the density altitude chart until they intersect.
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DENSITY ALTITUDE CHART
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Summary of Effects of Density Altitude (P153)
Low-Density Altitude - made with Low temperature, Dry air and High Pressure High-Density Altitude - made with high temperature, humid air, low pressure.
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Performance Charts Conversion charts Wind component chart
Take-off distance chart Climb chart Time, Fuel and distance to Climb chart Cruise Power Settings Cruise Speeds Range/Endurance Charts Landing Distance Chart
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Crosswind chart
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B-19 CROSSWIND
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DENSITY ALTITUDE CHART
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Takeoff distance chart
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Cruise Performance Chart
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Landing Distance Chart
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Landing Distance
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Vy & Vx Vy=best rate of climb (most altitude over any unit of time)
Vx=best angle of clime (most altitude over a given distance) B-19 Vy=72 knots Vx=65 knots
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Maximum Range & Endurance
Maximum Range=gives longest distance for a given amount of fuel. Maximum Endurance=gives you most time for a given amount of fuel.
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PERFORMANCE #2
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B-19 CHARTS Airspeed Calibration Altimeter Correction Crosswind
Takeoff Distance Climb charts Cruise Landing distance charts BRING A CALCULATOR, B-19 MANUAL AND SECTIONAL CHART NEXT CLASS PLEASE
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AIRSPEED CALIBRATION
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ALTIMETER CORRECTION
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CROSSWIND CHART B-19
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Sample X-Wind problems
Runway 18, Wind What is the headwind & crosswind components? Runway 22, wind knots What is the headwind and crosswind components?
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Sample X-Wind problems
Runway 18, Wind What is the headwind & crosswind components? Runway 22, wind knots What is the headwind and crosswind components? H.W. = knots C.W. = 12.5 knots H.W. = 5.56 knots C.W. = knots
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Takeoff Distance B19
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Takeoff Distance B19 Given
Wind 0 knots, Temp. 7 degrees C, Pressure Altitude 2000 ft What is the Takeoff distance?
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Takeoff Distance B19 1 degree = 1062 11 degrees = 1178
7 degrees = ? (you need to interpolate)
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Takeoff Distance B19 1 degree = 1062 11 degrees = 1178
7 degrees = ? (you need to interpolate) 11-1= =116 11-7= x.4=46.4 4/10 or =1131.6
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Takeoff Distance B19 1 degree = 1062 11 degrees = 1178
7 degrees = ? (you need to interpolate) 11-1= =116 7-1= x.6=69.6 6/10 or =1131.6
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Takeoff Distance B19 What if the Pressure Altitude was 1000 feet instead of 2000 feet We have already solved for 2000 feet the next step would be to solve for sea level for 7 degrees C. 15-5= =100 15-7= x.8=80 8/10 or =950
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Takeoff Distance B19 (7 Degrees)
Takeoff distance at 2000 feet Pressure altitude = Takeoff distance at sea level = 950 Last step is to interpolate for 1000 feet Pressure altitude 2000-0= =181.6 = x.5=90.8 1000/2000 or =1040.8
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CLIMB CHARTS B19
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CRUISE CHART B19
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LANDING DISTANCE CHART B19
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