1. Language barriers and translation, implications for open access journals Hooman Momen World Health Organization

2. Major Asian Languages Bengali Axamiya Sinhala Bama (Burmese) Putonghua(Mandar in) Gan Hakka Minbei ‘Arabiyya Tagalog Cebuano Malay-Indonesia Jawa (Javanese) Sunda Madura Turkce-Azeri Kazakh-Kirghiz Uzbek-Uyghur Nihongo (Japanese) Hankukmal (Korean) Thai Lao-Isan Khmer Viet Telugu Kannada Kurd Farsi Pashto Wu Yue Minnan Xiang Hindi-Urdu Nepali Panjabi Sindhi Rajasthani Gujurati Marathi Bhojpuri- Maithili Oriya Tamil Malayalam

3. Maninka-Bambara Maninka-BambaraFulaYorubaIgboLingalaKongoLubaRwanda-RundiSwahili-KingwanaShona-ShanganaSotho-Tswana Zulu- Swati-Xhosa Tamazigh (Berber) ‘ArabiyyaAmharinyaOromoSomaliHausaMalagasy (Dutch) Afrikaans (Portug.) Crioulo (French) Créole (English) Krio Major African Languages

4. Language of publication Authors are encouraged to publish in English Authors are encouraged to publish in English International language of publication in science International language of publication in science Facilitates publication in high impact journal Facilitates publication in high impact journal Favours citation by other authors Favours citation by other authors Readers often disagree Readers often disagree Prefer information in mother tongue Prefer information in mother tongue Facilitates comprehension Facilitates comprehension Favours retention Favours retention

6. Publication Bias How many times have you read How many times have you read We reviewed published English – language studies cited in …… We reviewed published English – language studies cited in …… or similar or similar Normal justification Normal justification English is the international language of science English is the international language of science Time and cost of translation Time and cost of translation Result Result Publication bias in systematic reviews and meta-analyses Publication bias in systematic reviews and meta-analyses

7. Machine Translation Improving in quality Improving in quality Never be perfect Never be perfect Always need human translators Always need human translators Increasing availability Increasing availability Free on Web Free on Web e.g. Google translator e.g. Google translator Increase combination of language pairs Increase combination of language pairs

12. Quality not Language is the Barrier Language not a barrier Language not a barrier Culture is Culture is Nigerian and Pakistani authors are also poorly cited Nigerian and Pakistani authors are also poorly cited Quality is a barrier. Quality is a barrier. Good quality facilitates machine translation Good quality facilitates machine translation Structured abstracts Structured abstracts Standardized reporting Standardized reporting Consort Consort Statistical tests Statistical tests Increase pool of peer reviewers Increase pool of peer reviewers Language should not be an excuse for poor quality Language should not be an excuse for poor quality