1. Report on national contribution “in-kind” of the Republic of Belarus into EMEP for 2002 Sergey Kakareka, Tamara Kukharchyk, Valery Khomich Institute for Problems of Natural Resources Use & Ecology Minsk, Belarus 4rd JOINT UNECE Task Force & EIONET Workshop on Emission Inventories and Projections 22-24 September 2003, Warsaw, Poland MSC-East

2. Project title: Goals:  Improvement of the Guidebook in view of peculiarities of the FSU specificity  Promotion of the Guidebook methodology usage in the FSU countries Budget: 2753 US$ Preparation of additions and refinements to the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook regarding heavy metals emission in view of peculiarities of the CIS countries technologies

3. Executive Summary Experimental researches, analysis of literature sources, investigation of technological peculiarities of the Former USSR countries made possible to prepare additions and materials for inclusion to the Guidebook. In all such additions and materials were prepared for 10 Guidebook chapters. Special attention was paid onto source categories which are not considered in the Guidebook yet (stationary fuel combustion – small appliences), or slightly considered (open burning sources). New experimental data on HM emission.

4. CONTENTS ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR ATMOSPHERIC EMISSION INVENTORY GUIDEBOOK 1. SMALL COMBUSTION INSTALLATIONS (DRAFT SECTIONS) 2. DEFAULT EMISSION FACTORS TABLES Annexes 1. OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY OF HEAVY METALS EMISSION TESTING Processes and Installations Studied in 2002 Methodology of Emission Sources Testing Heavy Metals Analytical Determination 2. RESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTING Solid Fuels Combustion in Small Installations Testing Heavy Metals Content in Emissions from Open Burning Processes 3. MATERIALS to the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook regarding HEAVY METALS Emission Solid Fuel for Small Combustion Description Compilation of Heavy Metal Emission Factors for Small Combustion REFERENCES

5. Small combustion installations In general small combustion devices can be divided into the next main groups:  installations close to open combustion (from this category fireplaces are most common in Europe);  installations without heat-transfer (furnaces, ovens, stoves);  installations with heat-transfer (mainly water or steam) – various types of boilers. Small combustion devices are very different in design. Most specific are solid fuel burning systems; liquid and gaseous fueled installation are often can be fueled by both these types of fuel (with some reequipment). ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK

6. Small Boilers Generally boilers are distinguished as steam and hot-water, functioning with natural or induced circulation. According to their design, steam and hot-water boilers are classified into: straight-through; single-drum with natural circulation; double-drum with natural circulation; flue with fire tubes; and gas-tube waste-heat boilers. Low capacity boilers operating on solid fuel are classified into boilers with manual furnace, heat efficiency from 0.1 to 0.8 Gcal/hr and boilers with mechanical and semi-mechanical furnaces, heat efficiency from 0.63 to 3.15 Gcal/hr. Boilers with heat efficiency from 9.6 to 73 Mcal/hr are used for household combustion. Two types of furnaces are applied in heat boilers: for layer and chamber combustion. In layer furnaces fuel is combusted on hand-fired stokers or with the help of a mechanical stoker. ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK

7. Example of typical manual feed water-tube boiler (municaipal, educational, institutional sectors) Minsk-1 boiler ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK

8. NEMIGA-1 iron hot-water boilers Example of small boiler for residential sector ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK

9. Example of household furnaces Heating furnace Russian stove Kitchen range ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK

10. Default emission factors for solid fuel small combustion installations (boilers), g/Mg fuel CoalPeatWood Non contr. Partially contr. Non contr. Partially contr. Non contr. Partially contr. Arsenic 1.00.30.150.050 0 Cadmium 0.10.050.070.02 Chromium 1.00.30.40.10.06 0.02 Copper 1.40.40.50.10.22 0.07 Mercury 0.2 0.0 Nickel 1.00.30.40.10.04 0.01 Lead 1.50.5 0.150.25 0.08 Zinc 5.01.52.00.64.301.30 ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK

11. Default emission factors for small combustion installations (furnaces), g/Mg fuel - non-controlled combustion PeatWood Arsenic 0.060.0 Cadmium 0.030.01 Chromium 0.20.03 Copper 0.20.10 Mercury 0.0 Nickel 0.150.03 Lead 0.240.15 Zinc 1.02.5 ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK

12. DEFAULT EMISSION FACTORS TABLES According to 2002 Task Force meetings decisions a few default emission factors tables should be prepared for inclusion into the Guidebook: Primary Lead Production Primary Zinc Production Primary Copper Production Grey Iron Foundries Coke oven furnaces Draft default chapters were prepared and discussed during Combustion and Industry Expert Panel meetings in Ispra (April and November 2002) with participation of this report author. Later the output tables were revised and now their new versions were included into the report with small description (clarification). For their revision own data based upon experience of sources inventory and vast literature data were used. ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK

13. OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY OF HEAVY METALS EMISSION TESTING Sources Testing In 2002 the following HM emission source categories were tested:  solid fuel combustion in household and municipal boilers;  solid fuel combustion in household furnaces;  forest fires;  peatland fires;  agricultural debris burning;  domestic wastes burning.

14. Experimental work for the HM emission factors evaluation included:  aerosol and vapour HM sampling from off-gases;  fly ash sampling from stack walls and from control equipment;  ash sampling (from bonfires and ashpits);  fuel sampling;  samples preparations;  analytical determination of HM in samples;  data processing. OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY OF HEAVY METALS EMISSION TESTING

15. Main parameters of tested installation Combustion unit, controlFuelType of collected samples Kitchen range, no controlWood, wood wasteFly ash Russian stove, no controlWoodFly ash, soot from walls of chimney Small boiler, no controlPeat briquetteFly ash, soot from walls of chimney Small boiler, no controlCoalResidual ash, soot from walls of chimney Boiler E/9, cycloneCoal, woodResidual ash, soot from walls of chimney, fly ash Boiler Minsk-1, no controlCoalResidual ash, soot from walls of chimney, fly ash Boiler Minsk-1, no controlPeat briquette, woodResidual ash, soot from walls of chimney, fly ash Boiler Minsk-1, no controlWoodResidual ash, soot from walls of chimney, fly ash Boiler KVN, cycloneCoal, peat briquetteResidual ash, soot from walls of chimney and from cyclone, fly ash Boiler Universal, no controlPeat briquette, woodSoot from walls of chimney, fly ash Boiler Universal, no controlCoal, peat briquette, sawdust Residual ash, soot from walls of chimney, fly ash OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY OF HEAVY METALS EMISSION TESTING

16. Heavy Metals Analytical Determination The determination of heavy metal content (Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb) in samples was carried out on the spectrometer Perkin Elmer AAC 5100 PC\ZL Detection limit without concentration - 10 -8 – 10 -11 for flame ionization and graphite furnace accordingly. Detection error – within the limit ± 20%. OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY OF HEAVY METALS EMISSION TESTING

17. Wood combustion RESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTING in boiler Minsk-1 in household furnaces

18. Peat briquette combustion RESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTING in boiler DKVR

19. Coal combustion RESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTING in boiler KVN

20. Combustion of mixed fuels in boilers RESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTING in fly ash, mg/kg in waste gases, mkg/m 3

21. Open burning processes RESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTING Modelled Source CdCrCuNiPbZn Peat fire0.0812.810.5211.689.5941.7 Municipal and domestic wastes burning 0.0463.79133.7118.79870.3133543 Leaves fall-off burning0.3911.8446.0210.2469.51453.0 Grassland burning0.010.2456.296.8226.001813.2 Mean content of HM in residual ash from open burning, mg/kg

22. HM content in fly ash from model combustion of litter, peat and agricultural debris, mg/kg RESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTING HM content in waste gases from model combustion of litter, peat and agricultural debris, mkg/m 3

23. Solid Fuel for Small Combustion Description  Ash and moisture content  Heavy metal content MATERIALS to the EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook Compilation of Heavy Metal Emission Factors for Small Combustion

24. MATERIALS to the EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook Solid Fuel for Small Combustion Description  Heavy metal content

25. Programme elements for the project on national contribution “in-kind” of the Republic of Belarus into EMEP for 2004 Title: Further Research for HCB and PCB Emission inventory Improvement in the NIS Countries (on an Example of Belarus) Goals: Further improvement of the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook chapters regarding to HCB and PCB emission in view of NIS countries technological specificity Tasks : -Additional investigation of selected activities for improvement of HCB and PCB emission factors and methodological approaches to emission inventory -Preparation of insertions and improvements to the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook chapters in view of HCB and PCB emission.

26. Planned results: -default emission factors for HCB and PCB to the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook chapters -additional descriptive material to the chapters regarding to HCB and PCB Budget: 949 US$ (as Belarusian contribution to EMEP according to new assessment scale).