1. ENERGY MANAGEMENT

2. A combined design and management function which embraces the disciplines of engineering mathematics accounting operations research software engineering environmental management

3. THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION

4. Measure

5. THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION MeasureAnalyse

6. THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION MeasureAnalyseCriticise

7. THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION MeasureAnalyseCriticise Generate Options

8. THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION MeasureAnalyseCriticise Generate Options Evaluate Options

9. THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION MeasureAnalyseCriticise Generate Options Optimise Evaluate Options

10. THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION MeasureAnalyseCriticise Generate Options ModifyOptimise Evaluate Options

11. THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION MeasureAnalyseCriticise Control Generate Options ModifyOptimise Evaluate Options

12. THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION MeasureAnalyseCriticise Control Generate Options ModifyOptimise Evaluate Options REVIEW

13. ENERGY ACCOUNT A balance sheet of energy INPUTS OUTPUTS THROUGHPUTS flowing through a site boundary

14. The INPUT side

15. The OUTPUT side details the ultimate energy rejection to the external environment via heat transmission through the building fabric heat lost to ventilating air flue gas losses

16. The THROUGHPUTS What happens inside the building may require microaudits or energy balances over individual items of plant and equipment: furnaces, boilers, refrigerators, compressors, etc. to ascertain efficiencies and to quantify sundry gains

17. Energy Audit

22. Fuel Energy Audit

23. Fuel Combustion Stack Loss Energy Audit

24. Fuel Combustion Boiler Stack Loss Energy Audit

25. Fuel Combustion Boiler Distribution Stack Loss Distribution Loss Energy Audit

26. Fuel Combustion Boiler Distribution People Stack Loss Distribution Loss Energy Audit

27. Fuel Combustion Boiler Distribution People Lights Stack Loss Distribution Loss Energy Audit

28. Fuel Combustion Boiler Distribution People Lights Power Stack Loss Distribution Loss Energy Audit

29. Fuel Combustion Boiler Distribution People Lights Power Processes Stack Loss Distribution Loss Energy Audit

30. Fuel Combustion Boiler Distribution People Lights Power Processes Stack Loss Distribution Loss Electricity Energy Audit

31. Fuel Combustion Boiler Distribution People Lights Power Processes Stack Loss Distribution Loss Electricity Fuels Fuel Food Energy Audit

32. Fuel Combustion Boiler Distribution Sundry Gains People Lights Power Processes Stack Loss Distribution Loss Electricity Fuels Fuel Food Energy Audit

33. Fuel Combustion Boiler Distribution Space Heat Delivered Sundry Gains People Lights Power Processes Direct Reject Stack Loss Distribution Loss Electricity Fuels Fuel Food Energy Audit

34. Fuel Combustion Boiler Distribution Space Heat Delivered Sundry Gains People Lights Power Processes Direct Reject Stack Loss Ventilation Fabric Transmission Distribution Loss Electricity Fuels Fuel Food Energy Audit

36. Equation

37. Fuel Energy Input = Energy losses during combustion + Energy losses during conversion + Energy losses during distribution + Energy losses during utilisation + Energy losses from utilisation

38. For a heated building, INPUT side Heating fuel energy input + Sundry gains from electricity + Sundry gains from people + Sundry gains from directly-fired process plant and equipment - Sundry losses to cold plant

39. For a heated building, OUTPUT side = Energy losses in flue gases + Energy losses during conversion + Energy losses from external distribution pipelines + Energy losses via fabric transmission + Energy losses in ventilating air + Energy losses in process materials directly rejected to the external environment

40. Heat Loss = Fabric Transmission Losses +Ventilation Losses

41. Heat Loss (W) = U A DT + m c p DT U = Overall U-value (W/m 2 K) A = Area for heat loss (m 2 ) m = Ventilating Air (kg/s) c p = specific heat of air (J/kg K) DT= Temperature difference between inside and outside ( o C)

42. Mean Annual Heat Loss (W) = U A DT + m c p DT m = Ventilating Air (kg/s) = number of air changes per second (1/s) x building volume, V (m 3 ) x density of air, r (kg/m 3 )

43. Mean Annual Heat Loss (W) = U A DT + m c p DT m = Ventilating Air (kg/s) = number of air changes per hour, n (1/hr) x hours/second (1/3600) x building volume,V (m 3 ) x density of air, r (1.2 kg/m 3 )

44. Heat Loss (W) = U A DT + m c p DT c p = specific heat of air (= 1000 J/kg K))

45. Heat Loss (W) = U A DT + m c p DT = U A DT + (r V n/3600) c p DT = U A DT + (1.2 V n/3600) x 1000 DT = U A DT + (V n/3) DT = (U A + nV/3) DT

46. Fuel Burnt by Boiler (W) = ((U A + nV/3) DT) / h where h is the boiler efficiency (%) expressed as a fraction

47. Annual Heat Loss (kWh/annum) = (U A + nV/3) DT x heating hours per annum/1000 where DT = mean annual temperature difference between inside and outside ( o C)

48. Monthly Heat Loss (kWh/month) = (U A + nV/3) DT x heating hours per month/1000 where DT = mean monthly temperature difference between inside and outside ( o C)

49. OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel Data TRACE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES ENERGY IN External Data CARRY OUT SITE SURVEY ESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS VENTILATION RATES EXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES ENERGY OUT ENERGY AUDIT ASCERTAIN SUNDRY GAINS EXAMINE PROCESS LOSSES OR GAINS

50. OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel Data TRACE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES ENERGY IN External Data CARRY OUT SITE SURVEY ESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS VENTILATION RATES EXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES ENERGY OUT ENERGY AUDIT ASCERTAIN SUNDRY GAINS EXAMINE PROCESS LOSSES OR GAINS

51. OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterns environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details

52. OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT Internal Data

53. OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS

54. OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel Data

55. COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation

56. OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel DataExternal Data

57. TRACE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES

58. OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel Data TRACE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES External Data

59. DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES

60. OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel Data TRACE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES External Data

61. CARRY OUT SITE SURVEY ESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS VENTILATION RATES EXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES

62. OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel Data TRACE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES External Data CARRY OUT SITE SURVEY ESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS VENTILATION RATES EXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES

63. EXAMINE PROCESS LOSSES OR GAINS

64. OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel Data TRACE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES External Data CARRY OUT SITE SURVEY ESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS VENTILATION RATES EXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES EXAMINE PROCESS LOSSES OR GAINS

65. ASCERTAIN SUNDRY GAINS

66. OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel Data TRACE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES External Data CARRY OUT SITE SURVEY ESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS VENTILATION RATES EXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES ASCERTAIN SUNDRY GAINS EXAMINE PROCESS LOSSES OR GAINS

67. ENERGY IN

68. OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel Data TRACE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES ENERGY IN External Data CARRY OUT SITE SURVEY ESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS VENTILATION RATES EXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES ASCERTAIN SUNDRY GAINS EXAMINE PROCESS LOSSES OR GAINS

69. ENERGY OUT

70. OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel Data TRACE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES ENERGY IN External Data CARRY OUT SITE SURVEY ESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS VENTILATION RATES EXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES ENERGY OUT ASCERTAIN SUNDRY GAINS EXAMINE PROCESS LOSSES OR GAINS

71. ENERGY AUDIT

72. OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel Data TRACE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES ENERGY IN External Data CARRY OUT SITE SURVEY ESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS VENTILATION RATES EXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES ENERGY OUT ENERGY AUDIT ASCERTAIN SUNDRY GAINS EXAMINE PROCESS LOSSES OR GAINS

73. OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel Data TRACE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES ENERGY IN External Data CARRY OUT SITE SURVEY ESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS VENTILATION RATES EXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES ENERGY OUT ENERGY AUDIT ASCERTAIN SUNDRY GAINS EXAMINE PROCESS LOSSES OR GAINS

74. OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel Data TRACE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES ENERGY IN External Data CARRY OUT SITE SURVEY ESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS VENTILATION RATES EXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES ENERGY OUT ENERGY AUDIT ASCERTAIN SUNDRY GAINS EXAMINE PROCESS LOSSES OR GAINS

75. ENERGY AUDIT

76. Energy Audit

77. kWh./annum, £/annum

78. Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum Fuel Energy

79. Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum Energy ReleaseFuel Energy

80. Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy

81. Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy DistributionDistribution Losses Space Heating Heat Delivered

82. Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy DistributionDistribution Losses Processes Sundry Gains Direct Reject Space Heating Heat Delivered

83. Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy DistributionDistribution Losses Processes People Sundry Gains Direct Reject Space Heating Heat Delivered

84. Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy DistributionDistribution Losses Processes People Sundry Gains Electricity Direct Reject Space Heating Heat Delivered

85. Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy DistributionDistribution Losses Processes People Lights, Power, Processes Sundry Gains Direct Reject Electricity Direct Reject Space Heating Heat Delivered

86. Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy DistributionDistribution Losses Processes People Lights, Power, Processes Sundry Gains Direct Reject Electricity Electrical Space Heating Direct Reject Space Heating Heat Delivered

87. Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy DistributionDistribution Losses Processes People Lights, Power, Processes Sundry Gains Direct Reject Electricity Air compressors Electrical Space Heating Direct Reject Space Heating Heat Delivered

88. Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy DistributionDistribution Losses Processes People Lights, Power, Processes Sundry Gains Direct Reject Electricity Air compressors Electrical Space Heating Direct Reject Space Heating Heat Delivered Compressor Loss Compressed Air

89. Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy DistributionDistribution Losses Processes People Lights, Power, Processes Sundry Gains Direct Reject Electricity Air compressors Electrical Space Heating Direct Reject Space Heating Heat Delivered Compressor Loss Compressed Air Ventilation Fabric Transmission

90. Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy DistributionDistribution Losses Processes People Lights, Power, Processes Sundry Gains Direct Reject Electricity Air compressors Electrical Space Heating Direct Reject Space Heating Heat Delivered Compressor Loss Compressed Air Ventilation Fabric Transmission