1. R&D; Goodwill; Intangible Assets and Brands
Chapter 19
R&D; Goodwill; Intangible Assets and Brands

2. Main purpose
The main purpose of this chapter is consider the accounting treatments of:
Research and development
Goodwill and intangible assets
Brands

3. Objectives By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
define and explain how to account for research and development (R&D), goodwill and other intangible assets;
comment critically on the IASB requirements in IAS 38 and IFRS 3;
account for development costs;
account for impairment;
prepare extract of the entries and disclosure of these items in the statement of comprehensive income and statement of financial position.

4. Intangibles An intangible asset is defined under IAS 38, as:
an identifiable non-monetary asset without physical substance
Intangibles include systems, licences, intellectual property, market knowledge and trademarks (including brand names and publishing titles) – see p. 503 for more examples
An intangible asset must be identifiable (para 12 IAS 38), and there must be control (para 13), as well as the production of future economic benefits and its cost can be reliably measured (para 21) before it may be recognised

5. Intangibles Initial recognition is at cost (para 24)
Two categories of intangible asset:
externally acquired or
internally generated .

6. Intangibles Externally acquired:
Purchased from another party either separately or as part of a business combination.
If purchased separately, eg. buying rights to a book before making it into a film, cost can be established as
the purchase price and any other expenses associated with readying the asset for its intended use.
plus any duties and non-refundable taxes
less any trade discounts or rebates (para 27)

7. Intangibles
Buying the business of a competitor may include, for example, the rights to copyrights, patents or mastheads.
If these cannot be reliably measured or distinguished from other assets, they become part of purchased goodwill – the premium paid over and above the fair value of tangible and identifiable intangible assets (para 10).
Where the price paid for the intangible can be distinguished from goodwill and the future economic benefits that arise can be identified, the test of identifiability is met and it can be recorded as a separate asset (para 34) at fair value at the date of purchase (para 33).
This treatment differs from the separate purchase of an intangible, which is recorded at cost.

8. Intangibles
Goodwill is recognised as a separate intangible asset, subject to an annual test for impairment.
A gain on bargain purchase – negative goodwill - (paid less than fair value) is taken to revenue.
Where an identifiable intangible asset exists but cannot be reliably measured, it is included as part of goodwill. In such a case, there is a requirement to describe each intangible asset acquired in a business combination, and explain why its fair value could not be reliably measured.

9. Intangibles – internally generated
As the name suggests, these arise from the activities of the business.
Expenditure on internally developed brands, mastheads (newspaper and magazine titles), publishing titles, customer lists, and similar cannot be distinguished from the cost of developing the entity’s overall business.
Such intangibles (including internally generated goodwill) do not meet the definition of assets, and shall not be recognised as intangible assets (IAS 38, para 63).

10. Research defined
Research – original and planned investigation undertaken with the prospect of gaining new scientific or technical knowledge and understanding i.e.
Obtaining new knowledge
Search for alternatives
Materials
Products
Processes
Evaluation of alternatives.

11. IAS 38 – accounting treatment for R&D
Research:
Expense in the year in which incurred
Not to be carried forward in statement of financial position i.e research is not capitalised or shown as an asset on the balance sheet

12. IAS 38 intangible assets Development defined
Application of research findings to a plan for production of new or substantially improved
Products
Processes
Systems
Prior to commencement of commercial production.

13. Development costs comprise
Directly attributable costs
Materials
Labour
Fees such as patents
Allocatable on a reasonable and consistent basis
Necessary and identifiable overheads
Depreciation
Insurance premiums, rent.

14. IAS 38 – development recognition criteria
Technical feasibility
Intention to complete and use or sell
Generate future economic benefits
Existence of market for asset or output
Availability of adequate resources to complete
Technical
Financial
Reliable measurement of costs possible
Expense if not recoverable from future revenue. Otherwise, capitalise and show on balance sheet.

15. Activities that are neither research or development
Activities related to research and development, but cannot be classified for the purposes of the standard as R&D include:
Engineering follow­through in an early phase of commercial production
Quality control during commercial production, including routine testing
Troubleshooting in connection with breakdowns during production
Routine efforts to improve the qualities of an existing product.

16. Goodwill and intangible assets
The main requirements of IFRS 3 Business Combinations and IAS 38 Intangible Assets are:
Purchased goodwill and intangible assets should be capitalised as assets
Internally generated goodwill should not be capitalised and
Internally developed intangible assets should be capitalised only where it is probable that future economic benefits attributable to the asset will flow to the enterprise and the cost of the asset can be measured reliably
Capitalised assets are subject to amortisation and/impairment review.

17. Accounting for research & development
Why does the accounting differ between research and development?
Research expenditure, whether pure or applied, cannot meet the definition of assets.
There is no probability of service potential or future economic benefits arising as a direct result of the expenditure. Accordingly, it meets the definition of expense – consumption has occurred that has reduced assets (or increased liabilities) and it can be reliably measured.
Development expenditure, when it passes the test criteria, meets the definition of assets.
In meeting the test it is probable that service potential or future economic benefits will eventuate, and the cost or other value can be reliably measured.

18. IFRS 3 business combinations
IFRS 3 Business Combinations states:
Goodwill is the difference between the cost of acquisition and the acquirer’s interest in the fair value of the identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities acquired at the date of the exchange transaction.
Purchased goodwill is based on
Transaction with third party at arm’s length
Internally generated goodwill is based on
Directors’ valuation of internal goodwill by valuing
Business as a whole
Separable assets.

19. Accounting treatment of goodwill
Purchased goodwill is recognised in the statement of financial position as an asset
Amortisation prohibited
Annual impairment reviews
Inherent goodwill not normally recognised in the accounts.

20. Economic consequence of write-off/amortisation
ROCE
Write-off reduces shareholders’ reserves and capital employed
Gearing
Write-off reduces shareholders’ reserves and so capital employed
How this affects investor decisions
How this affects creditor decisions.

21. Negative goodwill – related to expectation of losses and expenses
Arises when the amount paid for the purchase is less than its fair value.
Credit income statement immediately.

22. Intangible assets – purchased
Separately purchased, included in goodwill and with a finite life
Capitalise as part of goodwill
Separately purchased and capable of reliable measurement
Capitalise separately from goodwill and amortise.

23. Intangible assets – internally developed
Capitalise – only if an enterprise can demonstrate all of the following:
the technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale;
its intention to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it;
its ability to use or sell the intangible asset;
how the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits;
the availability of adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset; and
its ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development. (para 57)

24. Intangible assets – indefinite useful economic life
Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives must, at each annual balance date compare carrying value against recoverable amount. If the recoverable amount is less, then the impairment amount is written off first to any related asset revaluation reserve and then as an expense to the Income Statement.
Where impairment losses recognised in prior periods no longer exist or have decreased so that recoverable amount is now above carrying amount, the previous impairment loss is unwound – first to any amount expensed to the Income Statement and then to the revaluation reserve, if one exists. The reversal must not result in the asset’s carrying value exceeding that which would have resulted had no prior impairment loss been recognised.
Improve transparency
Improve comparability.

25. Brand accounting
Include in statement of financial position to pre-empt equity depletion caused by goodwill write-offs or amortisation
Typically not amortised but subject to impairment review.

26. Intellectual property – two categories
Industrial property
Inventions
Trademarks
Designs
Copyright
Literary and artistic works.

27. OECD definition of intellectual capital
The economic value of two categories of intangible assets:
Organisational (structural) capital
Software systems
Supply chains
Human capital
Internally – staff
Externally – customers.

28. Discussion
Explain how primary ratios were distorted by immediate write-off of goodwill against reserves
Explain the criteria for recognising internally generated intangible assets.

29. Discussion (Continued)
Explain why companies began to recognise brands in their statement of financial positions
Explain the requirement at the year end with respect to intangible assets with an indefinite useful economic life
Why do you think companies were motivated to measure intellectual capital?

30. Discussion (Continued)
What indications may there be that an impairment review of an intangible asset is necessary?
Explain the criteria to be satisfied for development costs to be capitalised
Discuss why intellectual property has become increasingly important.

31. Review questions
The Chloride 2005 Annual Report included the following accounting policy for goodwill: Goodwill is subject to review at the end of the year of acquisition and at any other time when the directors believe that impairment may have occurred. Any impairment would be charged to the profit and loss account in the period in which the loss occurs (a) Explain the indications that a review for impairment is required (b) Once there are indications of impairment, how is impairment measured?

32. Review questions (Continued)
IFRS 3 has introduced a new concept into accounting for purchased goodwill – annual impairment testing, rather than amortisation. Consider the effect of a change from amortisation of goodwill (in IAS 22) to impairment testing and no amortisation in IFRS 3, and in particular:
The effect on the financial statements
The effect on financial performance ratios.
Continued …

33. Review questions (Continued)
Which method gives the fairest charge over time for the value of the goodwill when a business is acquired
Whether impairment testing with no amortisation complies with the IASC’s Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements
The effect on the annual impairment or amortisation charge and its timing
Why there has been a change from amortisation to impairment testing – is this pandering to pressure from the US FASB and/or listed companies?