1. The Roman Republic SS.B.2.4.1-4; SC.D.2.4.1; SS.A.2.4.3-5

2. Escaping Etruscan Rule 753-509 B.C.: Rome is under Etruscan influence, ruled by seven kings 753-509 B.C.: Rome is under Etruscan influence, ruled by seven kings 509 B.C.: Romans overthrow last king 509 B.C.: Romans overthrow last king A Roman republic is formed A Roman republic is formed After the formation of the Roman Republic, Rome spends the next 200 years at war with hostile neighbors After the formation of the Roman Republic, Rome spends the next 200 years at war with hostile neighbors 338-288 B.C.: Rome conquers entire Plain of Latium, and large swaths of central Italy 338-288 B.C.: Rome conquers entire Plain of Latium, and large swaths of central Italy

3. Growing Roman Power The new lands under Roman control brought the Romans in closer contact with the Greek colonies to the south The new lands under Roman control brought the Romans in closer contact with the Greek colonies to the south By 264 B.C. Rome was at war with the Greek colonies in southern Italy, and the Etruscans to the north. By 264 B.C. Rome was at war with the Greek colonies in southern Italy, and the Etruscans to the north. 260 B.C.: Rome controls most of Italy 260 B.C.: Rome controls most of Italy Rome adopts the best of Greek and Etruscan cultures Rome adopts the best of Greek and Etruscan cultures

4. The Roman Confederation To rule Italy, the Romans formed a confederation : To rule Italy, the Romans formed a confederation : Some communities, most Latins, were given full Roman citizenship Some communities, most Latins, were given full Roman citizenship Other communities were made allies: Other communities were made allies: Free to run own affairs/communities Free to run own affairs/communities Must provide soldiers for Roman army Must provide soldiers for Roman army Italian allies could achieve citizenship Italian allies could achieve citizenship Confederation made conquered peoples feel they were a big part of Rome and Roman success Confederation made conquered peoples feel they were a big part of Rome and Roman success

5. Roman Success Roman historian Livy, tells stories depicting virtues Romans should aspire to Roman historian Livy, tells stories depicting virtues Romans should aspire to Romans=good diplomats Romans=good diplomats citizenship, autonomy citizenship, autonomy Military might and infrastructure Military might and infrastructure Forts, roads, weaponry Forts, roads, weaponry Practical government Practical government Creating government institutions in response to problems, not to preempt them Creating government institutions in response to problems, not to preempt them

6. Roman Government Rome was made of two classes of people: Rome was made of two classes of people: Patricians: great land-owners, rulers Patricians: great land-owners, rulers Plebeians: less wealthy land-owners, craftsman, merchants, farmers Plebeians: less wealthy land-owners, craftsman, merchants, farmers Executive offices of government: Executive offices of government: Consuls: 2 elected every year to run government and lead army into battle Consuls: 2 elected every year to run government and lead army into battle Praetors: in charge of Roman civil law, citizens, eventually another was added for cases involving one or more noncitizens Praetors: in charge of Roman civil law, citizens, eventually another was added for cases involving one or more noncitizens

7. The Roman Senate Enjoyed a special place in Roman society Enjoyed a special place in Roman society 300 patricians who served for life 300 patricians who served for life Began as advisory group for leaders Began as advisory group for leaders 300 B.C. the advice of the Senate is law 300 B.C. the advice of the Senate is law Centuriate Assembly: another assembly in charge of electing consuls and praetors, and passing laws. Centuriate Assembly: another assembly in charge of electing consuls and praetors, and passing laws.

8. The Struggle of the Orders Patricians vs. Plebeians Patricians vs. Plebeians not allowed to marry outside your class not allowed to marry outside your class Plebeians: serve in army + protecting republic= equal rights Plebeians: serve in army + protecting republic= equal rights Council of the Plebes: 471 BC, tribunes protect plebeians, plebeians allowed to become consuls. By 287 BC, council has ability to pass law. All men can vote. Council of the Plebes: 471 BC, tribunes protect plebeians, plebeians allowed to become consuls. By 287 BC, council has ability to pass law. All men can vote. New senatorial class keeps power New senatorial class keeps power

9. Roman Law Rome’s system of law=gift to world Rome’s system of law=gift to world First laws= Twelve Tables (450 BC) First laws= Twelve Tables (450 BC) Small farming system, not good for big city Small farming system, not good for big city New civil laws applied only to citizens New civil laws applied only to citizens Laws of Nations: Laws for to apply standard of justice for all; based on reason Laws of Nations: Laws for to apply standard of justice for all; based on reason Innocent until proven guilty Innocent until proven guilty Right to defend oneself before a judge Right to defend oneself before a judge

10. Rome On A Warpath After conquering Italy, Rome clashes with another power in the Med.--Carthage After conquering Italy, Rome clashes with another power in the Med.--Carthage Phoenician city-state founded 800 BC Phoenician city-state founded 800 BC Carthaginian Empire included N. Africa, Spain, Corsica, Sardinia and W. Sicily Carthaginian Empire included N. Africa, Spain, Corsica, Sardinia and W. Sicily Controlled trade in Western Med. Sea Controlled trade in Western Med. Sea Rome did not like Carthaginians in Sicily being so close to Italy--clash in 264 BC Rome did not like Carthaginians in Sicily being so close to Italy--clash in 264 BC

11. First Punic War 264 BC: war b/w Rome and Carthage 264 BC: war b/w Rome and Carthage “Punic” comes for Roman word for Phoenician (punicus) “Punic” comes for Roman word for Phoenician (punicus) Rome sends troops to Sicily, part of Carthaginian Empire, Carthage reads as act of war Rome sends troops to Sicily, part of Carthaginian Empire, Carthage reads as act of war Rome builds a navy to wage war Rome builds a navy to wage war 241: Roman navy beats Carthage, gains control of Sicily 241: Roman navy beats Carthage, gains control of Sicily Carthage expands Spanish holdings, vows revenge Carthage expands Spanish holdings, vows revenge

12. The Second Punic War Rome encourages Spanish revolt Rome encourages Spanish revolt Hannibal, decides to bring war to Rome Hannibal, decides to bring war to Rome From Spain, Hannibal brings army of 46,000 men, with horses and 37 elephants across the Alps--most elephants died From Spain, Hannibal brings army of 46,000 men, with horses and 37 elephants across the Alps--most elephants died 216 BC: Rome meets Hannibal, loses at Cannae, Rome loses army of 40,000+ 216 BC: Rome meets Hannibal, loses at Cannae, Rome loses army of 40,000+ Rome raises another army Rome raises another army

13. The Battle Continues… Hannibal takes control of many Italian cities, free to roam Italy, but not powerful enough to take major cities Hannibal takes control of many Italian cities, free to roam Italy, but not powerful enough to take major cities 206 BC: Rome takes back Italian cities, and pushes Carthage out or Spain 206 BC: Rome takes back Italian cities, and pushes Carthage out or Spain 202 BC: Battle of Zama, Rome takes fight to Carthage, Hannibal recalled from Italy, crushed by Romans 202 BC: Battle of Zama, Rome takes fight to Carthage, Hannibal recalled from Italy, crushed by Romans Rome dominates Mediterranean region Rome dominates Mediterranean region

14. Third Punic War 50 years later powerful Romans call for complete destruction of Carthage 50 years later powerful Romans call for complete destruction of Carthage 146 BC: Carthage destroyed, buildings burned, Carthange=Roman province of “Africa”, 50,000+ sold as slaves 146 BC: Carthage destroyed, buildings burned, Carthange=Roman province of “Africa”, 50,000+ sold as slaves Rome also battled Hellenistic Kingdoms Rome also battled Hellenistic Kingdoms 148 BC: Macedonia=Roman province 148 BC: Macedonia=Roman province 146 BC: Greece=Roman province 146 BC: Greece=Roman province 129 BC: Pergamum becomes first Roman province in Asia 129 BC: Pergamum becomes first Roman province in Asia