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ANCIENT ROME
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ORIGINS OF ROME 754 BC – Romulus and Remus
Twins sons of Mars, God of War Cast adrift down the Tiber River Raised by She-wolf Romulus killed his brother Remus Romulus est. Roma Quadrata 1ST King of Rome
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ROMULUS AND REMUS 5TH Century Bronze sculpture
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PALATINE HILL 1ST Roman settlements Huts of Romulus Hills on bank of Tiber River Excellent farmland Center of Italian Peninsula
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ROMAN SOCIETY FAMILY was basic unit Father had Absolute Power Women
Larger role than in Greek society Most worked at home In charge of large gatherings
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EDUCATION All classes men and women learned to read and write
Wealthy Romans hired private tutors HISTORY was important subject Adopted Etruscan’s writing and alphabet
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RELIGION Adopted from Greeks and Etruscans
Etruscan Rituals – helped have favor with Gods and Goddesses Roman Gods and Goddesses Jupiter – God of Sky and all other Gods Juno – wife of Jupiter – Goddess of Marriage Mars – God of War (Romulus and Remus)
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ROMAN MYTHOLOGY
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EARLY REPUBLIC 600 BC Ruled by Etruscan King
City grew to 500 square miles Valley below Palatine Hill was drained and made center Public meeting place 509 BC Tarquin the Proud Last Tyrant King driven from power Roman aristocrats declared no more kings
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Roman Forum
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Republic Form of government which citizens have power to vote Patricians Aristocrat landowners that held most of the power Plebeians Common farmer, artisans, and merchants Majority of population Tribunes Elected officials – protected rights of Plebeians Became corrupt
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GOVERNMENT Senate 300 Patricians Two Consuls (elected officials) –
Supervise business affairs Command armies During war – Senate would elect Dictator for 6 months 12 Tablets 1st Roman written law by Tribunes
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EARLY REPUBLIC
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CINCINNATUS Organized army Led to victory Returned to farmland
16 days total as Dictator
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Q&A How was Rome established? Describe the Roman religion.
Describe Roman Education. What is a Republic? How was Roman government different from the Greeks? What is a Patrician? What is a Plebeian? What is a Tribune? Who were the Consuls?
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PUNIC WARS
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All Citizens who owned land were required to serve in the army
Roman Army All Citizens who owned land were required to serve in the army 10 yrs of service
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LEGION Infantry 5,000-6,000 soldiers Calvary 1000 soldiers Century
Divisions of Legion Could act independently Flexibility was strength of Legions
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3 CATEGORIES OF CONQUERED PEOPLE
Latin – full citizenship with right to vote Far territories – citizenship, no right to vote Allies – sent troops to Roman Army, did not make treaties with Roman enemies
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ROMAN TRADE Location great for land and sea trade
Variety of foods, olive oil, raw and manufactured goods Controlled almost all trade in Mediterranean Sea
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Roman power 400 BC Rome gained control of Italian Penn.
Expansion weakened and crushed Republic More land, More $$, More power, More Corruption and Greed 390 BC – the Gauls (Celtics from the North) sacked Rome
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CARTHAGE Location North edge of peninsula on African Coast
SW of Sicily Dominate city in Med Controlled Sicily Rome wanted the island
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PUNIC WARS 1ST Punic War 264-241 BC Fought on Sicily and North Africa
Rome victorious Gained control of Sicily and Western Med.
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HANNIBAL Son of Carthage General King during 2nd Punic war
Raised from birth to hate Romans and vowed Revenge for 1st Punic War “Conquer or Die!!!”
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Hannibal counting the rings of dead Roman Soldiers
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2nd Punic War 218-202 BC 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, 60 elephants
Hannibal led army across Straits of Gibraltar, through Pyrenees and Alps (1/2 of army did not make it) Surprise attack on Roman Empire 10 yrs – marched throughout empire at will
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Battle of Cannae 216 BC Hannibal destroyed the bigger Roman Army Rome attacked Carthage Carthage was left unprotected Hannibal had to return to Carthage to defend his city Battle of Zama Romans led by Scipio Africanus Ends 2nd Punic War
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3rd PUNIC WAR 149-146 BC Battle of Carthage Siege of Carthage
6 days of fighting Rome sacked Carthage Salted the earth so nothing else could grow Rest of Carthage died of starvation
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Q&A Who fought in the Punic Wars?
What was gained/lost from the 1st Punic War? Who was Hannibal? Describe the 2nd Punic War? What was important about the 3rd Punic War?
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