1. The Roman Republic and Early Empire ca. 753 BC to 180 AD Lectures 9 & 10 September 28 and 30, 2009 HIST 101 History of World Civilizations to 1550 University of Montevallo, Fall 2009 Adjunct Instructor Jill Cooley

2. Lectures 9 & 10: Outline Early Rome –Etruscan Kings –Roman Republic –Struggle of the Orders Roman Conquest & Expansion –Punic Wars –Effects of Conquest Late Roman Republic –The Gracchi –The First Triumvirate & Julius Caesar –The Second Triumvirate & Octavian Early Empire –Augustus –Julio-Claudian Dynasty –Five Good Emperors

3. Lecture 9: Key Terms Etruscan kings Republic Patricians Plebeians Senate Consuls Assembly Struggle of the Orders Tribunes Twelve Tables Virtue Cincinattus Punic Wars Carthage Hannibal Scipio Tiberius Gracchus Gaius Gracchus Julius Caesar Octavian or Augustus Meritocracy Pax Romana Marcus Aurelius

4. The Roman World

5. Etruscans 753 BC- southern part dominated by Greeks City of Rome ruled Etruscans-monarchy 753BC-509BC, the king had most of the power & served for life, stayed within family usually however more of a senate ruling for kings at this time. Senate consisted of the most important people (picked the king and advised him) Assembly in Rome- had little power, basically ratified the decision made by the senate Under the Etruscans- 2 different social classes (elite class-patricians (could not marry outside their class)) (lower class-plebeians (small farmers, laborers) )

6. The Etruscans

7. The Roman Republic S.P.Q.R.—Senatus Populusque Romanus Rome Expands… (Wanted Sicily)

8. Plebeians Gain Power Tribunes- power to veto decisions, own elected officials, eventually had legislative influence Assembly itself gained more power: pass legislation thus govern the plebeian class, behalf of all Romans Insisted Roman Law be written down: Twelve Tables (prior to this time Roman law was orally passed down, law became whatever the judges/patrician class said it was,

9. Republican Values Virtue The Roman Ideal— Cincinnatus- legendary, called to public service when Rome was under attack by foreign invaders, called to be dictator. When the period was over he asked to go back to his farm and give up his rule. Ideal of virtue.

10. The Punic Wars

11. Punic Wars - When Rome tried to take over Sicily, they ended up in war with Carthage “Punic Wars” 264BC-241BC Rome defeats Carthage and takes over Sicily. First Punic War ends in 241BC. -However Rome continues to aggravate Carthage and by 218BC Carthage declares war on Rome and takes the war to Rome (2 nd Punic War) Hannibal of Carthage takes over a good portion of the Italian peninsula. Then the Roman general Scipio takes the war to Carthage in 202BC & Rome prevails and defeats Hannibal. A truths strips Carthage of its empire. -148-146BC (third Punic war) Good and bad, Greek/Roman influence spreads however government cannot handle control over such a large land area and the Roman Ideal fades away (especially farming sector) and eventually would collapse 133BC Tiberius Gracchus elected and promotes the Ideal, take excess wealth and give it to the wealthy landowners and give land back to those who lost it in war, however the Senate does not support this

13. Augustus, 31 BC - 14 AD -Wanted to maintain power to prevent civil war -Didn’t want to make the same mistakes of Julius -Augustan Settlement: maintained powers of the government however he maintained the republic structure -Roman Empire

14. Augustus Pax Romana- peace for Rome Meritocracy- jobs based on abilities not birth, Augustus selected his advisors… -Wanted the best people to hold positions -Wanted to prevent conspiracy against him Morality Legislation- wants to rebuild & restore Roman Fiber Built temples, criminalized adultery, encourage families (tax on single men) When he died, he left it to Tiberius then it changed periodically throughout the family

15. Roman Empire, 31 BC to 14 AD

16. Five Good Emperors Hadrian’s Wall Source: Myhistorylab.com

17. Roman Empire, 14-180 AD

18. Lectures 9 & 10: Timeline Time PeriodHistorical EventImportant Points ca. 753 BCRome foundedEtruscan kings ca. 509-31 BCRoman RepublicGoverned by two consuls and a Senate ca. 494-287 BCStruggle of the OrdersPatricians vs. plebeians 264-146 BCPunic WarsRome vs. Carthage 133-121 BCGracchi CrisisLand Reform ca. 60 BCFirst TriumvirateCaesar, Pompey, Crassus 45-44 BCJulius CaesarRoman Dictator 43 BCSecond TriumvirateOctavian, Antony, Lepidus 31 BC-14 ADAugustus ruledRoman Empire 14-68 ADJulio-Claudian DynastyAugustus’s Successors 96-180 ADFive Good EmperorsNerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius