1.  “successor” to Greece  “carrier” of Greek civilization  political model for later Europe  measure of success for nations and individuals

2.  model for later monarchies  model for later, mixed constitutions  Great Britain, U.S., etc.  model for most European legal systems  model for the concept of citizenship

3.  The Regal Age: ca. 779-509 B.C.  The Republic: 509-27 B.C.  The Empire: 27 B.C.-1453 A.D.  Early Empire: 27 B.C.-325 A.D.  Later Empire: 325 A.D.-1453 A.D.

4.  Italy  Tiber River  between Etruscan and Greek cities  part of the Latin League

7.  Indo-European  entered Italy ca. 2000 B.C.  settled south of the Tiber  primitive institutions

8.  Seven kings  Romulus  historical kings?  the Etruscan kings  the last three

9.  revolution  patricians (2-4%) and plebeians (96-98%)  constitutional government  influenced by Athens?  the constitution of Cleisthenes?

10.  2 consuls  2 praetors  aediles  quaestors  dictator

11.  the assemblies  the elective offices  patron-client relationships  The Twelve Tables

12.  struggle for political participation  plebeian institutions: the tribunes  the secessions  the compromises  no political violence until 133 B.C.

13.  conquest of Veii: Rome’s “Trojan War”  gradual expansion for a century  the Latin League  extension of citizenship  Romans, half-citizens, Latins, allies  continuous expansion  Celts, Samnites, etc.

17.  Etruscans  Greeks  Carthage ???  three Punic Wars  254, 220, 146 B.C.  control of Western Mediterranean

19.  the Hellenistic Monarchies  the Greek Federal Leagues  lots of wars, Romans are dragged in...a lot  Romans get tired of it  control of most of the Med. basin by 100 B.C.  but still essentially a city-state

20.  rustic Italian cults  overlay of Greek religion  Etruscan influences  Romans as “pack rats”

21.  best we don’t even talk about that

29.  great skill  engineers and architects  roads, cities  concrete

36.  copied from Greek models  interests in rhetoric, law, and satire  Stoic and Epicurean philosophy

37.  introduction of violence into domestic politics  competition for status and recognition  civil war

39.  Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus  Marius and Sulla  Pompey the Great, Marcus Crassus, Julius Caesar  First Triumvirate  Marc Antony, Marcus Lepidus, Octavian Caesar  Second Triumvirate

41. Gaius Marius

42. Gaius Julius Caesar

43. Pompey the Great

44. Cicero

45. Octavian Augustus

46. Octavian as pontifex maximus

47. Marc Antony

48.  unification of the Mediterranean basin and western Europe  extended citizenship  empire-wide commerce  Roman law  tolerance for local autonomy

52.  Augustus  Tiberius  Caligula  Claudius  Nero

53.  reduction of political competition  end to expansion  reduction in the army  further extension of citizenship

54.  Year of the Four Emperors (69 A.D.)  Vespasian  Titus  Domitian

55.  Edward Gibbon  the height of the Empire  the culmination of the pax Romana  succession by adoption of the most competent

56.  Nerva  Trajan  strong military leader  Hadrian  excellent administrator  Hellenophile  Antoninus Pius  Marcus Aurelius  the embodiment of the philosopher king

57.  Jesus of Nazareth  teacher, prophet, revolutionary  the Jesus Movement  Paul of Tarsus  cultural mixture: Jewish and Greek  founder of Christianity

58.  disappearance of Jewish followers: 70 A.D.  growth of the Pauline church  the poor, women, children, slaves  no success among men, the educated, etc.  benefits of Roman infrastructure and the pax Romana

59.  the First Jewish War  “eastern religion”  corrupted the mos maiorum  that is, “traditional family values”  rumors of orgies and cannibalism  Second Jewish War  Trajan’s Rescript

61.  End of the practice of adoption  The Severian Emperors  the army as a social class  abandonment of the Augustan constitution  collapse of the senate and other organs of state  collapse of the civil adminstration

62.  collapse of society  breakdown of social classes  collapse of the economy  collapse of trade and coinage  barbarian invasions  civil wars  Thirty emperors  The Danubian emperors (soldiers)

63.  Aurelian - restituor orbis  Decius - persecutions of those who corrupt traditional family values  Diocletian

64.  The Tetrarchy  The Annona  The Edict of Maximum Prices  The “new provinces”  The “eastern frontiers”  The “new capitals”  The “persecutions”  Edict of Toleration, 311

65.  The divided empire, united  The Battle of the Milvian Bridge  The “conversion of Constantine”  The Edict of Milan - 314  The First Ecumenical Council  The New Capital  Constantinople

66. The Geography of Rome

68. Italy in 750 BCE

69. Influence of the Etruscans  Writing  Religion  The Arch

70. The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus

72. Republican Government 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) Senate (Representative body for patricians) Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians)

73. The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE  Providing political and social rights for the plebeians.

74. The Roman Forum

75. Rome’s Early Road System

76. Roman Roads: The Appian Way

77. Roman Aqueducts

78. The Roman Colosseum

79. The Colosseum Interior

80. Circus Maximus

81. Carthaginian Empire

82. Hannibal’s Route

83. Reform Leaders  Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. Military Reformer  Gaius Marius recruited an army from the poor and homeless. professional standing army.

84. PompeyPompey Civil War & Dictators Julius Caesar

85. Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC The Die is Cast!

86. The First Triumvirate  Julius Caesar  Marcus Licinius Crassus  Gaius Magnus Pompey

87. Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE

88. The Second Triumvirate  Octavian Augustus  Marc Antony  Marcus Lepidus

90. Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor

91. The First Roman Dynasty

92. Pax Romana : 27 BCE – 180 CE

93. The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE

94. The Rise of Christianity

95. St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles

96. The Spread of Christianity

97. Imperial Roman Road System

98. The Empire in Crisis: 3c

99. Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE

100. Constantine: 312 - 337

101. Constantinople: “The 2 nd Rome” (Founded in 330)

102. Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c

103. Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God”

104. Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire

105. The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian

106. The Byzantine Emperor Justinian

107. The Legacy of Rome  Republic Government  Roman Law  Latin Language  Roman Catholic Church  City Planning  Romanesque Architectural Style  Roman Engineering Aqueducts Aqueducts Sewage systems Sewage systems Dams Dams Cement Cement Arch Arch