1. Powered by Rock Dr Liam Herringshaw lgh865@hotmail.com Earth's Energy Systems

2. Powered by Rock Hydroelectric Power Water

3. Hydroelectric Power ~90% energy:power conversion efficiency

4. Hydroelectric Power Three types: 1. Conventional storage – 1 Reservoir + Dam with turbine/s 2. Pumped storage – 2 reservoirs – water pumped back to upper basin during low demand 3. Run-of-river – Use natural flow of river

5. UK Hydroelectric ~1.5% of UK electricity from hydroelectric power (2011)

6. Cruachan Dam, nr Oban 1. The Hollow Mountain

8. Scotland's World-First World's first pumped storage scheme Begun in 1959, opened in 1965 Utilized 'spare' nuclear power 90% pumped storage 10% conventional hydro (rain) 440 MW capacity 2014: could expand to ~1 GW

9. Dinorwig Hydroelectric Power Station, Snowdonia 2. Welsh Water

10. Europe's largest man- made cavern: The Electric Mountain 16km of tunnels Opened in 1984 1m tonnes of concrete, 200k tonnes of cement, 4.5k tonnes of steel

11. Rapid Response 1.8 GW Pumped Storage Used for sudden power demand – 16-second response time!

12. 3. The Loch Ness Monster Glendoe Dam

13. Glendoe geology Caledonian Mountain belt Deformed sandstones and mudstones

14. 600m head is UK's largest 15km2 natural catchment + 60 km2 artificial (tunnel) catchment 8km tunnel from turbine to Loch Ness A Modern Marvel 900m dam

15. Your Thoughts... Hydro Power: Pros & Cons

16. Limited expansion capacity (especially outside Scotland!)

17. Raw materials Vidal et al. - Nature Geoscience (2013) Especially concrete!

18. Induced Seismicity Sichuan earthquake 2008, M7.9: ~80,000 people killed Zipingpu Dam, completed late 2006

19. Small-scale (<5 MW) hydro projects “take off in UK” Mostly run- of-river Could micro-hydro make it big? Image from Strathclyde University

20. British Sea Power? "The UK is currently the undisputed global leader in marine energy, with more wave and tidal stream devices installed than the rest of the world combined." (Renewable UK)

21. Wave & Tidal Power Currently ~9 MW installed 200 MW by 2020? Tidal potential = 25-30 GW (DECC) 12% of electricity demand Wave + Tidal potential = 60 GW

22. Tidal Potential Pentland Firth: 4.2GW potential; 1.9GW feasible (>40% of Scottish elec. demand)

23. Tides to the Power Severn? 2013: “Case unproven”

24. A watery future for the UK? VOTE!

25. Next week: Wind & Sun Truly renewable?