1. 7. INFORMATION SYSTEMS SOFTWARE 7.1

2. INFORMATION SYSTEM INFORMATIONSYSTEM BUSINESSCHALLENGE BUSINESSSOLUTIONS MANAGEMENTINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYORGANIZATION 7.2 INCREASING COMPLEXITY AND SOFTWARE ERRORS APPLICATION BACKLOG

3. SOFTWARE DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTROL COMPUTER OPERATION PROGRAM: SET OF INSTRUCTIONS TO THE COMPUTERPROGRAM: SET OF INSTRUCTIONS TO THE COMPUTER STORED: PROGRAM MUST BE IN PRIMARY STORAGESTORED: PROGRAM MUST BE IN PRIMARY STORAGE SYSTEM SOFTWARE: MANAGES COMPUTER RESOURCESSYSTEM SOFTWARE: MANAGES COMPUTER RESOURCES APPLICATION SOFTWARE: SPECIFIC BUSINESS APPLICATIONAPPLICATION SOFTWARE: SPECIFIC BUSINESS APPLICATION* 7.3

4. SOFTWARE HARDWARE HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE OPERATING SYSTEM: SCHEDULED COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS: INTERPRETERS COMPILERS UTILITY PROGRAMS: ROUTINE OPERATIONS MANAGE DATA 7.4

5. SOFTWARE HARDWARE HARDWARE OPERATING SYSTEM: SCHEDULED COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS: INTERPRETERS COMPILERS UTILITY PROGRAMS: ROUTINE OPERATIONS MANAGE DATA 7.5 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE; FORTRAN; COBOL; PL / 1; QBASIC; PASCAL; C; C++; “FOURTH GENERATION” LANGUAGES SYSTEM SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE

6. OPERATING SYSTEM MANAGES & CONTROLS ACTIVITIES ALLOCATION & ASSIGNMENTALLOCATION & ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULINGSCHEDULING MONITORINGMONITORING SYSTEM RESIDENCE DEVICE: SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE STORING OPERATING SYSTEMSYSTEM RESIDENCE DEVICE: SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE STORING OPERATING SYSTEM* 7.6

7. MULTIPROGRAMMING OPERATING SYSTEM UNUSED MEMORY PROGRAM 1 TRADITIONAL SINGLE- PROGRAM SYSTEM 7.7

8. MULTIPROGRAMMING OPERATING SYSTEM UNUSED MEMORY OPERATING SYSTEM UNUSED MEMORY PROGRAM 1 PROGRAM 2 PROGRAM 3 TRADITIONAL SINGLE- PROGRAM SYSTEM MULTIPROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT 7.8

9. MULTITASKING MULTIPROGRAMMING ON A SINGLE-USER SYSTEM SUCH AS A MICROCOMPUTER* 7.9

10. VIRTUAL STORAGE METHOD OF HANDLING SEVERAL PROGRAMS IN PRIMARY STORAGE: PROGRAM DIVIDED INTOPROGRAM DIVIDED INTO –FIXED LENGTH PORTIONS (PAGES) OR –VARIABLE LENGTH (SEGMENTS) CURRENT PORTIONS RESIDE IN PRIMARY STORAGECURRENT PORTIONS RESIDE IN PRIMARY STORAGE PORTIONS SWAPPED OUT WHEN DONEPORTIONS SWAPPED OUT WHEN DONE* 7.10

11. TIME SHARING MANY USERS SHARE LARGE CPU: TIME IN CPU DIVIDED INTO SLICES (e.g.: 2 MILLISECONDS)TIME IN CPU DIVIDED INTO SLICES (e.g.: 2 MILLISECONDS) EACH USER HAS ACCESS TO CPU DURING SLICEEACH USER HAS ACCESS TO CPU DURING SLICE SINCE CPU IS FAST, CAN DO MUCH DURING TIME SLICESINCE CPU IS FAST, CAN DO MUCH DURING TIME SLICE USER’S JOB SWAPPED OUT AT END OF SLICEUSER’S JOB SWAPPED OUT AT END OF SLICE* 7.11

12. MULTIPROCESSING TWO OR MORE PARALLEL PROCESSORS IN SYSTEMTWO OR MORE PARALLEL PROCESSORS IN SYSTEM PROGRAM CAN BE DIVIDED TO BE PROCESSED BY MULTIPLE CPUsPROGRAM CAN BE DIVIDED TO BE PROCESSED BY MULTIPLE CPUs CAN PROCESS LARGE PROGRAMS MORE RAPIDLYCAN PROCESS LARGE PROGRAMS MORE RAPIDLY* 7.12

13. LANGUAGE TRANSLATION SOURCE CODE: HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONSSOURCE CODE: HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONS COMPILER: TRANSLATES HIGH- LEVEL CODE INTO MACHINE LANGUAGECOMPILER: TRANSLATES HIGH- LEVEL CODE INTO MACHINE LANGUAGE OBJECT CODE: TRANSLATED INSTRUCTIONS READY FOR COMPUTEROBJECT CODE: TRANSLATED INSTRUCTIONS READY FOR COMPUTER* 7.13

14. TRANSLATION PROCESS SOURCE CODE PROGRAM COMPILER OBJECT CODE LINKAGE EDITOR LOAD MODULE OTHER OBJECT CODE MODULES 7.14

15. GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) OPERATING SYSTEM USES: GRAPHIC ICONS (Icons, Buttons, Bars, Boxes)GRAPHIC ICONS (Icons, Buttons, Bars, Boxes) MOUSEMOUSE TO ISSUE COMMANDSTO ISSUE COMMANDS MAKE SELECTIONSMAKE SELECTIONS* 7.15

16. MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS OPERATING SYSTEM FEATURES DOS For IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS). Program Memory: 640K Windows 95 32-bit operating system; GUI; Multitasking. Networking Windows NT 32-bit; microcomputers & workstations. Not limited to Intel chips. Multitasking; Multiprocessing; Networking OS/2 32-bit. Developed for IBM PS/2. Multitasking; Networking UNIX; XENIX For powerful Microcomputers, Workstations, Minicomputers. Multitasking; Multi-user Processing; Networking. Portable to various Computer Platforms System 7 For Macintosh computers. Multitasking. Powerful Graphics; Multimedia 7.16

17. 7.17

18. GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 1st. Since 1940s. MACHINE LANGUAGE: binary code 2nd. Since early ’50s. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE: mnemonics for numeric code 3rd. Since mid ‘50s. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES 4th. Since late ‘70s. MODERN APPLICATION PACKAGES * 7.18

19. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator). Scientific, Engineering applicationsFORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator). Scientific, Engineering applications COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language). Predominant for Transaction ProcessingCOBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language). Predominant for Transaction Processing BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code). General Purpose PC LanguageBASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code). General Purpose PC Language* 7.19

20. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES PL/1 (Programming Language 1). Powerful IBM Language for Business & SciencePL/1 (Programming Language 1). Powerful IBM Language for Business & Science PASCAL. Used to Teach Structured Programming Practices. Weak in File Handling, Input / OutputPASCAL. Used to Teach Structured Programming Practices. Weak in File Handling, Input / Output ADA. Designed for Weapon Systems. Can be used on many Platforms. Structured. Can be used for BusinessADA. Designed for Weapon Systems. Can be used on many Platforms. Structured. Can be used for Business C. Powerful PC Language for Developing Applications. Efficient Execution; Cross PlatformC. Powerful PC Language for Developing Applications. Efficient Execution; Cross Platform* 7.20

21. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LANGUAGES LISP (LISt Processor). Began late ‘50s at MIT. Preferred in US. Require Specially Configured MachinesLISP (LISt Processor). Began late ‘50s at MIT. Preferred in US. Require Specially Configured Machines PROLOG. Began in early ‘70s. Preferred outside US. Cross PlatformPROLOG. Began in early ‘70s. Preferred outside US. Cross Platform Create Meaningful Lists of Symbols (Operations; Variables; Data)Create Meaningful Lists of Symbols (Operations; Variables; Data)* 7.21

22. 7.22

23. FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) CAN BE EMPLOYED BY END USERSCAN BE EMPLOYED BY END USERS NONPROCEDURALNONPROCEDURAL CAN DEVELOP APPLICATIONS QUICKLYCAN DEVELOP APPLICATIONS QUICKLY NATURAL LANGUAGESNATURAL LANGUAGES SIX CATEGORIESSIX CATEGORIES* 723

24. FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) 1. QUERY LANGUAGES: RAPIDLY RETRIEVE DATARAPIDLY RETRIEVE DATA INTERACTIVEINTERACTIVE ON-LINEON-LINE SUPPORT SPECIAL REQUESTS FOR DATA FROM RELATIONAL DATABASESSUPPORT SPECIAL REQUESTS FOR DATA FROM RELATIONAL DATABASES* 7.24

25. FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) 2. REPORT GENERATORS: CREATE CUSTOMIZED REPORTSCREATE CUSTOMIZED REPORTS WIDE RANGE OF FORMATSWIDE RANGE OF FORMATS 3. GRAPHICS LANGUAGES: CAN MANIPULATE DRAWINGS, GRAPHS, PHOTOS, VIDEOSCAN MANIPULATE DRAWINGS, GRAPHS, PHOTOS, VIDEOS PRESENTATION MANAGERSPRESENTATION MANAGERS* 7.25

26. FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) 4. APPLICATION GENERATORS: USER SPECIFIES COMPUTER NEEDSUSER SPECIFIES COMPUTER NEEDS GENERATOR CREATES LOGIC AND CODE FOR APPLICATIONGENERATOR CREATES LOGIC AND CODE FOR APPLICATION GREATLY REDUCES DEVELOPMENT TIMEGREATLY REDUCES DEVELOPMENT TIME* 7.26

27. FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) 5. VERY HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: PROFESSIONAL PROGRAMMER PRODUCTIVITY TOOLPROFESSIONAL PROGRAMMER PRODUCTIVITY TOOL USES FEWER INSTRUCTIONSUSES FEWER INSTRUCTIONS REDUCES DEVELOPMENT TIMEREDUCES DEVELOPMENT TIME* 7.27

28. FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) 6. SOFTWARE PACKAGE: COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SET OF PROGRAMS... WORD PROCESSINGWORD PROCESSING SPREADSHEETSSPREADSHEETS DATA MANAGEMENTDATA MANAGEMENT PRESENTATION MANAGEMENTPRESENTATION MANAGEMENT INTEGRATED SOFTWARE PACKAGES NOW COMBINE THESE TO SIMPLIFY LEARNING AND USE * 7.28

29. OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING COMBINES DATA & PROCEDURES INTO A SINGLE OBJECTCOMBINES DATA & PROCEDURES INTO A SINGLE OBJECT PROGRAM SENDS MESSAGE TO OBJECT TO PERFORM EMBEDDED PROCEDUREPROGRAM SENDS MESSAGE TO OBJECT TO PERFORM EMBEDDED PROCEDURE OBJECT’S DATA ENCAPSULATED FROM REST OF SYSTEMOBJECT’S DATA ENCAPSULATED FROM REST OF SYSTEM CREATES REUSABLE CODECREATES REUSABLE CODE REDUCES TIME AND COST OF WRITING SOFTWAREREDUCES TIME AND COST OF WRITING SOFTWARE* 7.29

30. OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING VISUAL PROGRAMMING: SELECT AND ARRANGE OBJECTS RATHER THAN WRITE CODE CLASS: ALL OBJECTS OF A CLASS HAVE ALL FEATURES OF THAT CLASS INHERITANCE: SPECIFIC CLASS RECEIVES FEATURES OF A MORE GENERAL CLASS OVERRIDE: SUBCLASS MAY OVEERRIDE INHERITED METHOD (e.g.: Printout of an HOURLY worker Pay Check may differ from that of a WEEKLY worker * 7.30

31. OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING JAVA: Sun Microsystems OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE APPLET: TINY PROGRAM TO EXECUTE SMALL FUNCTIONAPPLET: TINY PROGRAM TO EXECUTE SMALL FUNCTION APPLETS DOWNLOADED FROM NETWORKAPPLETS DOWNLOADED FROM NETWORK RUN ON ANY COMPUTER & OPERATING SYSTEMRUN ON ANY COMPUTER & OPERATING SYSTEM RESULT SAVED ON NETWORK, NOT ON PCRESULT SAVED ON NETWORK, NOT ON PC ONLY NETWORK VERSION OF SOFTWARE NEEDS UPGRADEONLY NETWORK VERSION OF SOFTWARE NEEDS UPGRADE* 7.31

32. 7. INFORMATION SYSTEMS SOFTWARE 7.32