1. Chapters 13,14, and 15

2.   Mangrove  a tropical tree with roots that extend both above and beneath water.  Savannas  tropical grasslands with only a few trees.  Harmattan  a dusty wind. Nigeria

3.   One of the world’s major oil-producing countries  Most people work as farmers.  Subsistence farms  small plots that grow just enough to feed their families.  Cacao  a tropical tree whose seeds are used to make chocolate and cocoa. Economic Challenges

4.   About 250 ethnic groups  Hausa, Fulani, Yoruba, and Ibo  Compound  group of houses surrounded by walls.  About half the population are Muslim  40% Christian  Civil war  a fight among different groups within a country Nigeria’s People

5.   Five countries—Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Chad, are located in an area known as the Sahel, which means “border”.  Most here traditionally herd livestock  Overgraze  strip areas so bare that plants cannot grow back.  Drought  a long period of extreme dryness and water shortages.  Desertification  process in which grassland areas become desert. Land and History of the Sahel

6.   Mostly subsistence farmers  Mostly Muslim  Mauritania exports fish and iron ore  Mali is developing a gold mining industry.  Chad has oil deposits, but no money to build pipelines. The People of the Sahel

7.   11 coastal countries  Deforestation  All earned their independence by the late 1970s West Africa’s Coastal Countries

8.   Gambia, Senegal, and Guinea  work in agriculture  Guinea also rich in bauxite and diamonds  Senegal  phosphate  Liberia is only West African nation that was never a colony.  Cote d’Ivoire  “ivory coast” People of Coastal West Africa

9.   Canopy  an umbrella-like forest covering  Congo River provides hydroelectric power  electricity generated by flowing water.  Exports gold, petroleum, diamonds, and copper.  More than 200 ethnic groups  75% are Christian  First settled 10,000 years ago  Bantu moved here form Nigeria around AD 600s or 700s. Democratic Republic of the Congo

10.   Most people here farm.  Tsetse fly  causes sleeping sickness.  Cameroon  forest products, petroleum, and bauxite  CAR  only diamonds Cameroon and the Central African Republic

11.   Both won their independence from France in 1960.  Congo River supports most of Congo’s farmland.  Both countries depend heavily on farming.  deforestation Congo and Gabon

12.   Equatorial Guinea and Sao Tome and Principe are both island nations.  Equatorial Guinea became independent from Spain in 1968  Farming, fishing, and forestry are important.  Oil was recently found.  Sao Tome and Principe gained independence from Portugal in 1975  Volcanic islands  Coconuts, bananas, and cacao Island Countries

13.   Coral reef  Poaching  the illegal hunting of protected wildlife  Free enterprise system  Nairobi  capital  Cassava  a plant whose roots are ground to porridge.  Swahili and English  Won independence from Great Britain in 1963.  Most people are farmers  Mombasa is the chief port. Kenya

14.   Serengeti Plain  Kilimanjaro  highest point in Africa  Most work in farming or herding  Lake Victoria  Africa’s largest lake.  Sisal  a plant fiber used to make rope and twine  Habitat  the type of environment in which a particular animal species lives  Ecotourists  people who travel to another country to view its natural wonders. Tanzania

15.   Fertile, green land with mountains, lakes, and wild animals.  Mild climate due to elevation.  Plantains  a kind of banana  2/3 of population are Christians  Autonomy  self government  Today  one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Uganda

16.   Watershed  a region that is drained by a river  Endangered species  a plant or animal under the threat of extinction (gorillas)  Coffee is the main export for both countries  Genocide  the deliberate murder of a group of people because of their race or culture. Rwanda and Burundi

17.   Sudan is the largest country in Africa  North  Desert  Central  fertile because of Blue and White Nile Rivers  South  Swampy  Sugar cane, nutes, dates, and cotton Sudan

18.   Scientists believe they have found the remains of the oldest known human ancestors in Ethiopia  Rain is not consistent.  85% live in rural areas. Ethiopia

19.   1993 won its independence from Ethiopia  Most people are farmers Eritrea

20.   Plates  huge slabs of rock that make up the earth’s crust  Two of these plates are pulling away from each other in Djibouti  One of the hottest, driest places on the earth. Djibouti

21.   Most people are nomadic herders  Clans  No real government in charge today. Somalia

22.   South Africa  African elephant  Miniature shrew  South Africa is the most industrialized country in Africa  World’s largest producer and exporter of gold.  Large deposits of diamonds, chromite, platinum, and coal. A Land Rich in Resources

23.   Black ethnics make up 78% of the population.  1600s, the Dutch settled in South Africa  Known as Boers, a Dutch word for farmers  Pushed Africans off the best land  1910, British take control  1948, whites set up a system of apartheid or “apartness”  This made it illegal for racial and ethnic groups to mix and limited the rights of blacks. South Africa’s History and People

24.   Within South Africa lie two other African nations— Lesotho and Swaziland  Enclaves  small countries located inside a larger country. South Africa

25.   Copper belt  large area of copper mines that stretches across northern Zambia  80% of Zambia’s income comes from copper.  Gained independence from Britain in 1964 Zambia

26.   500 species of fish in Lake Malawi  400 orchid species  British colony until 1964. Malawi

27.   Gold, copper, iron ore, and asbestos  AIDS  Name comes from a great city in the AD 1100s. Zimbabwe

28.   Diamonds account for more than 75% of Botswana’s export income  Became independent from Britain in 1966.  Today, have one of Africa’s strongest democracies. Botswana

29.   Exclave  a small part of a country that is separated from the main part.  Oil accounts for 90% of Angola’s export earning  A colony of Portugal until 1975. Angola

30.   Became independent in 1990 after being ruled by South Africa, and Germany before that.  Deposits of diamonds, copper, gold, zinc, silver, and lead.  Leading producer of uranium Namibia

31.   Slash-and-burn farming  a method of clearing land for plating by cutting and burning forests.  Cyclones  intense storms with heavy rains and high circular winds.  Major crops  cashews, cotton, sugarcane, tea, coconuts, and tropical fruits Mozambique

32.   The island of Madagascar broke away from the continent about 160 million years ago  Produces most of the world’s vanilla beans  Coffee is the main cash crop. Madagascar

33.   Volcanoes formed the countries of Comoros and Mauritius thousands of years ago  Seychelles Small Island Countries