1. South Korea & Taiwan Aaron Kratzat

2. South Korea

3. Syngman Rhee Economy under Rhee based on import substitution Heavy reliance on US aid Land reform Political concerns drive economy Growth in industrial private sector

4. Park Chung Hee Military rule beginning in 1961 Movement away from agriculture Consolidation of power & decision-making Normalization of trade with Japan

5. 1970’s Heavy industrialization Dependency on external borrowing Balance of payment difficulties Incentive system

6. 1980’s Return to democracy Trade liberalization Decentralization

7. Haggard’s summary of Korea Combined import substitution “deepening” with upgrade of exports in “big push” (128) Financial systems and foreign borrowing, protection Limited foreign direct investment

8. Shafer’s summary of Korea Centralization necessary to compete with multinational corporations Focus on high/high sectors could have inadvertently helped opposition to military rule Big industry “supplemented, not supplanted” existing small manufacturing

9. Taiwan

10. Taiwan versus South Korea Taiwan had primarily small firms. Less interaction between government and business in Taiwan Division of government and business between mainland Chinese and local Taiwanese Military threat of China for Taiwan

11. Chiang Kai-Shek KMT retreat to Taiwan in 1949 There face no significant opposition parties Land reform US uses aid as leverage, Taiwan more receptive than Korea Focus on import substitution

12. The impetus of export-led growth In 1959, US AID gives $30mil loan to Taiwan in exchange for small decreases in trade barriers and sale of state businesses to private sector

13. Haggard’s summary of Taiwan State-owned companies took lead due to lack of private investment Six year plan of 1976 focused on technology Government created non-profit organizations to conduct R&D

14. Wang’s summary of Taiwan Small firm sizes favor hi-tech industry rather than heavy industry Strong relationship between information technology and pre-existing industries IT mitigates deficiencies of single-minded export-led growth

15. Questions What are the similarities between South Korea and Taiwan’s routes to development? How much can these traits be generalized? What are the effects of the differences in firm sizes between the two countries? How much did government action and the type of government affect growth?