1. Figure 1.2 Anton van Leeuwenhoek’s microscopic observations. Drawings of bacteria Lens Location of specimen on pin Specimen-positioning screw Focusing control Stage-positioning screw Microscope replica Van Leeuwenhoek using his microscope From 1683

2. Types of Microorganisms Bacteria Archaea Fungi Protozoa Algae Viruses Multicellular animal parasites

3. Taxonomy = classification system Linnaeus classification system based upon structural similarities between species. Modern classification system based upon evolutionary relationships (determined by DNA sequencing).

4. Traditional (including lab manual for 101): Red, brown and green algae are in the Plant kingdom Textbook for 101: Red, brown, and green algae are in the Protista kingdom UC Berkeley: Red, brown and green algae are in separate kingdoms. (The Protista kingdom does not exist.)

5. Classification categories domain – a group of related kingdoms kingdom - a group of related phyla phylum (plural = phyla) - a group of related classes. class - a group of related orders order - a group of related families family - a group of related genera genus (plural = genera) - a group of related species species - a kind of living organism. All organisms who can potentially reproduce together under natural conditions and produce fertile offspring.

6. Most basic cell types: Prokaryotic: small, simple cells which lack a nucleus and other cell structures Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and internal structures

7. 3 Domains 1.Bacteria (prokaryotic) – Includes blue-green algae 2.Archaea (prokaryotic) 3.Eukarya – The Eukarya are divided into more than 10 Kingdoms:Plants, Fungi, Animals and many others

8. Figure 10.1 The Three-Domain System. Bacteria Mitochondria Cyanobacteria Chloroplasts Thermotoga Gram-positive bacteria Proteobacteria Horizontal gene transfer occurred within the community of early cells. Nucleoplasm grows larger Mitochondrion degenerates Giardia Euglenozoa Diatoms Dinoflagellates Ciliates Animals Fungi Amebae Slime molds Plants Green algae Eukarya Extreme halophiles Methanogens Hyperthermophiles Origin of chloroplasts Origin of mitochondria Archaea (DON’T NEED TO KNOW DETAILS)

9. UC Berkeley Museum of Paleontology 2011: The 12 kingdoms of eukaryotes (DON’T NEED TO KNOW DETAILS)

10. Bacteria (a domain) Prokaryotes Peptidoglycan cell walls For energy, use organic chemicals or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis (cyanobacteria = blue-green algae)

11. Archaea (a domain) Prokaryotic Lack peptidoglycan Some but not all live in extreme environments. These include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles

12. Fungi (a kingdom) Eukaryotes Chitin cell walls Use organic chemicals for energy Most are multicellular (molds and mushrooms) but some are unicellular (yeasts)

13. Protozoa (not a modern scientific category – includes multiple kingdoms ) Eukaryotes Absorb or ingest organic chemicals May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella

14. Eukaryotic Algae (not a modern scientific category – includes multiple kingdoms ) Eukaryotes Cellulose cell walls Use photosynthesis for energy Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds

15. Viruses Acellular Consist of DNA or RNA core Core is surrounded by a protein coat Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope Are replicated only when they are in a living host cell

16. Multicellular Animal Parasites Eukaryotes Multicellular animals Flatworms and roundworms Microscopic stages in life cycles

17. Microbes in Our Lives A few are pathogenic (disease-causing) Decompose organic waste Many are photosynthetic: produce organic molecules and oxygen, which are used by animals Produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol, acetone and many others Produce fermented foods such as cheese, bread, wine and vinegar

18. Fermentation Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation Some but not all fermentation converts sugar to alcohol Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food

19. Normal Microbiota Microbes normally present in and on the human body are called resident flora or normal microbiota Normal microbiota help to prevent growth of pathogens Normal microbiota produce growth factors, such as folic acid and vitamin K

20. Figure 1.7 Several types of bacteria found as part of the normal microbiota on the surface of the human tongue. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. Naming Microorganisms Linnaeus established the system of scientific nomenclature Each organism is identified by two names: the genus and species Homo sapiensCanis familiaris

22. Scientific Names Are italicized or underlined –The first letter of the genus name is capitalized; the species name is not Are “Latinized” and used worldwide May be descriptive or honor a scientist

23. Escherichia coli Honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich Describes the bacterium’s habitat—the large intestine, or colon

24. Staphylococcus aureus Describes the clustered (staphylo-) spherical (cocci) cells Describes the gold-colored (aureus) colonies

25. Scientific Names Scientific names may be abbreviated with the first letter of the genus and the species name: E. coli and S. aureus

26. (DON’T NEED TO KNOW DETAILS)

27. Which is a correct scientific name? a.Baker’s yeast b.Saccharomyces cerevisiae c.Saccharomyces cerevisiae d.S. cerevisiae

28. The Germ Theory of Disease 1876: Robert Koch proved that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, Koch’s postulates, to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease

29. An opportunist is a bacteria that does not normally cause a disease, but can become pathogenic under certain conditions, such as immunosuppression Nosocomial infection: spread in a hospital or similar location