1. Ketone Bodies vijay patel

2. Overview What are Ketone bodies? How are they formed?
What are there uses?
What is Ketogenic diet?
Toxicity. E.g. Ketosis and Ketoacidosis etc..
Ketone bodies test.
Written assignment.

3. What are ketone bodies ?
Ketone bodies are three water soluble organic molecules acetone, acetoacetic acid, and β-hydroxybutyric acid, produced by liver from fatty acids during low availability of glucose for energy.
Acetone Acetoacetic acid β-Hydroxybutyric acid

4. How are ketone bodies formed?
Fatty acid metabolism-
- When carbohydrates are scarce, fatty acids are broken down to acetone, acetoacetic acid, and β-hydroxybutyric acid.
- Acetone is produced from acetoacetic acid on spontaneous decarboxylation. Mostly excreted in urine or expelled in a breathe giving fruity or nail polish like smell.

5. Uses of Ketone bodies
Brain fuel: Acetoacetic acid and β-hydroxybutyric acid. (Up to 60 to 70% brain fuel)
Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects.
Possible drug like action: Direct injection of ACA and acetone into animal models of epilepsy prevented seizures.
Nutritional Ketosis for weight loss: Daily restriction of carbohydrate to below 60 grams per day. (Mild ketosis  1 mM, prolonged fasting ketosis  8 to 10 mM)
Ketogenic diets enhances energy levels, mental clarity, and decreases hunger.
Ketone bodies have shown to improve memory in patients at risk for Alzheimer’s disease, stabilize mood in type II bipolar disorder, reduce symptoms in Parkinson’s disease.

6. Ketogenic Diet
The Atkins diet is by far the most famous ketogenic diet. The diet was developed by the late Robert C. Atkins, M.D. in the late 1980s
Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago.

7. Toxicity of Ketone Bodies
Ketosis: Rate of synthesis > rate of utilization and blood concentration of ketone bodies increased leading to ketonemia followed by excretion in urine leading to ketonauria. Overall condition is known as ketosis.
Ketoacidosis: marked by extreme and uncontrolled ketosis causing severe accumulation of keto acids (15 to 25 mM) lowering the PH. It can be fatal.

8. Ketone Bodies testing

9. Written Assignment
I am going to make an informational brochure about Ketogenic diet.

10. References
Ketone Bodies for Neurological and Neurodegenerative Diseases [Infographic]. (n.d.). Retrieved November 25, 2014, from
Ketogenic Diet Program. (n.d.). Retrieved November 25, 2014, from
Ketones and Carbohydrates: Can they co-exist? - The Eating Academy | Peter Attia, M.D. (n.d.). Retrieved November 25, 2014, from
Pan, J., Rothman, D., Behar, K., Stein, D., & Hetherington, H. (2000). Human Brain β-Hydroxybutyrate and Lactate Increase in Fasting-Induced Ketosis. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 1502– –1507. Retrieved November 24, 2014, from

11. Questions ?
Questions ?