1. CAD Techniques for IP-Based and System-On-Chip Designs Allen C.-H. Wu Department of Computer Science Tsing Hua University Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C {Email: chunghaw@cs.nthu.edu.tw}

2. Outline Introduction Basic synthesis tasks Codesign of embedded systems FPGA synthesis and rapid prototyping IP-reuse design methodologies System-on-chip design methodologies HDL-based layout synthesis methodologies

3. Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Why? What? How?

4. Human-Centric Design Methodologies Designers are the creator of designs. Designers are artists. Designers pursuit the state of arts. Free styles with less discipline. May not be efficient on handling complex designs. May not be effective on shortening the design cycle.

5. Human Vs. Computer (Automation) Human is good at innovating creation. Human is not good at handling tedious and repetitive tasks. Computer is good at handling tedious and repetitive tasks, at least it will never complain about it.

6. Why needs CAD? Design is getting more and more complex. Try to develop an error-prone design? Time-to-market pressure.

7. What is CAD? CAD = Computer-Aided Design. CAD will never be in the leading role of a design process!!! Just a supporting role. Any techniques, methods, solutions which are used solve a problem in a design process.

8. How to apply CAD? Understand the design process. Identify the problems which need CAD supports. Correctly define the problem and then solve it.

9. A Typical System Design Process Idea System HardwareSoftware System board Chips OS Application SW

10. A Typical Chip Design Process Chip spec. RTL designLogic designGate-level design Layout

11. Silicon Compilation Compiler: converting a high-level source code to a object code. Silicon compiler: converting a high-level source code (system/chip description) to a piece of silicon.

12. Synthesis Synthesis is a process which converts a design from one domain to another System-level synthesis High-level (Behavioral) synthesis RTL synthesis Logic synthesis Layout synthesis HDL-based synthesis

13. The Y Chart BehavioralStructure Physical System level Ckt level System spec. CPU,Mem Chip/BoardTransformation (Synthesis)

14. Design Level BehavioralStructure Physical System Spec. Algorithm RTL spec. Boolean Eqn. Differential Eqn. CPU, Mem. Processor ALU, Reg. Etc., Gate, FFs Transistor Chip/board Block/chip Macro-cell Std. Cell Polygon

15. Transitions in the Y Chart BehavioralStructure Physical Synthesis Analysis Optimization Extraction Generation Refinement Abstraction

16. System-Level Synthesis Inputs: Design functionality (e.g., instruction of a computer) and a set of design constraints or requirements. The transition from a system-level specification to one or more subsystem descriptions at the algorithmic level (a set of communicating concurrent processes, together with a behavioral description at the algorithmic level for each subsystem).

17. High-Level Synthesis Starting point: a behavioral description at the algorithmic level, which defines a precise procedure for the computational solution of a problem. No notion of “CLOCK”. Outputs: controller and datapath. Time/area tradeoff.

18. RTL-Level Synthesis Inputs: an RTL netlist and a set of design constraints. Each component in the netlist is described either in behavioral, structural, or logic level. Controller synthesis: the transition from controller behavior to structure. Module generation.

19. Logic-Level Synthesis Inputs: Boolean functions and FSMs. Outputs: the blocks of combinational logic and storage elements. Logic minimization and optimization. Technology mapping.

20. Physical-Level Synthesis Inputs: a hierarchical gate-level netlist which may contain hard macros and flexible soft macros. Outputs: a layout. Floorplanning. Placement. Routing. Compaction.

21. HDL-Based Synthesis Why? What? How? VHDL and Verilog: originally a simulation- based language. Programming languages => hardware! Syntax and semantics gaps. Compilation is the key to the HDL-based synthesis.

22. Other Design Issues Design entry. Design verification and validation: - simulation - formal method - logic emulation - rapid prototyping - design rule checking Testing

23. Basic Synthesis Tasks

24. The Specification Language Problem Many Hardware Descriptive Languages (HDLs): VHDL, Verilog, AHPL, ISP, PMS which are derived from general programming languages, e.g., ADA, ALGOL, C, and PASCAL. All general programming languages can be used for system-level simulation at behavioral-level. No single language can cover the software and hardware spectrum!!!! CASE problem!!!

25. Behavioral Transformations Optimizing transformations: - Procedure in-line expansion - Loop unrolling - SELECT (IF & CASE) transformations Processes: concurrent execution. Interprocess communication: synchronization issues Similar to OS problem!

26. Communications Mapping the logical communication structure onto a physical communication structure. Synthesis of communication protocols.

27. System-Level Partitioning Hardware-software codesign. A lot of academia studies in this area!!! The key to the success is an accurate estimation engine to support the partitioning procedure!!!

28. Design Exploration Time/area tradeoff. Architectural-level exploration. Memory hierarchy and organization. System-level early design planning. Design estimation issues.

29. The Classical High-Level Synthesis Tasks Design representation issues. Behavioral transformations. Allocations. Scheduling. Binding. Estimation and design exploration. Why after a decade of intensive research effort high-level synthesis has not yet been accepted by industry????