1. Case studies of Joint Programmes Why – relevance, efficiency, effectiveness and development impact of joint programmes; focus on the modality Where – 14 countries, all regions, range of sectors How – local consultants, principal consultant in HQ, supported by UNDGO and Joint Programmes working group

2. Characteristics of JPs in the case studies Strengthen partnerships amongst UN agencies They are of short duration, often extended in phases, and can be unfocused The guidelines do not facilitate a programme approach JPs are not usually the result of the UNDAF/ JSM process – often the reverse

3. Selected findings There is some evidence that JPs can leverage resources, reduce transaction costs for national partners and reduce duplication True JPs can be a useful way to address complex development challenges It is useful to have a range of options for joint working

4. Some conclusions JPs need to be embedded in the UNDAF process The JSM is a unique opportunity to involve non- resident agencies, and to link JPs to national processes such as SWAps Certain conditions support JPs: complex development challenge, institutional support, assured resources, a joint assessment of the problem and clear strategic objectives