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Steganography Copyright © Software Carpentry 2010 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License See http://software-carpentry.org/license.html for more information. Multimedia Programming
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Steganography Data is 1's and 0's
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Data is 1's and 0's Normally think of them as integers, characters, etc.
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Data is 1's and 0's Normally think of them as integers, characters, etc. But sometimes useful to go back to the bits
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Data is 1's and 0's Normally think of them as integers, characters, etc. But sometimes useful to go back to the bits Example: hide messages in images
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Data is 1's and 0's Normally think of them as integers, characters, etc. But sometimes useful to go back to the bits Example: hide messages in images Steganography
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography (53, 64, 22)
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography (53, 64, 22) 8 bits each
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography (53, 64, 22) 8 bits each 56 32 98 105 116 115 32 101 97 99 104 …
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography (53, 64, 22) 8 bits each Replace color bytes with character bytes 56 32 98 105 116 115 32 101 97 99 104 …
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Main driver if sys.argv[1] == '-e': message = sys.argv[2] pic = Image.open(sys.argv[3]) encode(message, pic) pic.save(sys.argv[4]) elif sys.argv[1] == '-d': pic = Image.open(sys.argv[2]) message = decode(pic) print message
![Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Main driver if sys.argv[1] == -e : message = sys.argv[2] pic = Image.open(sys.argv[3]) encode(message, pic) pic.save(sys.argv[4]) elif sys.argv[1] == -d : pic = Image.open(sys.argv[2]) message = decode(pic) print message](http://images.slideplayer.com./24/7134376/slides/slide_12.jpg "Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Main driver if sys.argv[1] == -e : message = sys.argv[2] pic = Image.open(sys.argv[3]) encode(message, pic) pic.save(sys.argv[4]) elif sys.argv[1] == -d : pic = Image.open(sys.argv[2]) message = decode(pic) print message")
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Main driver if sys.argv[1] == '-e': message = sys.argv[2] pic = Image.open(sys.argv[3]) encode(message, pic) pic.save(sys.argv[4]) elif sys.argv[1] == '-d': pic = Image.open(sys.argv[2]) message = decode(pic) print message $ steg –e 'ABCDEF' in.jpg out.jpg
![Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Main driver if sys.argv[1] == -e : message = sys.argv[2] pic = Image.open(sys.argv[3]) encode(message, pic) pic.save(sys.argv[4]) elif sys.argv[1] == -d : pic = Image.open(sys.argv[2]) message = decode(pic) print message $ steg –e ABCDEF in.jpg out.jpg](http://images.slideplayer.com./24/7134376/slides/slide_13.jpg "Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Main driver if sys.argv[1] == -e : message = sys.argv[2] pic = Image.open(sys.argv[3]) encode(message, pic) pic.save(sys.argv[4]) elif sys.argv[1] == -d : pic = Image.open(sys.argv[2]) message = decode(pic) print message $ steg –e ABCDEF in.jpg out.jpg")
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Main driver if sys.argv[1] == '-e': message = sys.argv[2] pic = Image.open(sys.argv[3]) encode(message, pic) pic.save(sys.argv[4]) elif sys.argv[1] == '-d': pic = Image.open(sys.argv[2]) message = decode(pic) print message $ steg –d out.jpg
![Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Main driver if sys.argv[1] == -e : message = sys.argv[2] pic = Image.open(sys.argv[3]) encode(message, pic) pic.save(sys.argv[4]) elif sys.argv[1] == -d : pic = Image.open(sys.argv[2]) message = decode(pic) print message $ steg –d out.jpg](http://images.slideplayer.com./24/7134376/slides/slide_14.jpg "Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Main driver if sys.argv[1] == -e : message = sys.argv[2] pic = Image.open(sys.argv[3]) encode(message, pic) pic.save(sys.argv[4]) elif sys.argv[1] == -d : pic = Image.open(sys.argv[2]) message = decode(pic) print message $ steg –d out.jpg")
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Main driver if sys.argv[1] == '-e': message = sys.argv[2] pic = Image.open(sys.argv[3]) encode(message, pic) pic.save(sys.argv[4]) elif sys.argv[1] == '-d': pic = Image.open(sys.argv[2]) message = decode(pic) print message
![Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Main driver if sys.argv[1] == -e : message = sys.argv[2] pic = Image.open(sys.argv[3]) encode(message, pic) pic.save(sys.argv[4]) elif sys.argv[1] == -d : pic = Image.open(sys.argv[2]) message = decode(pic) print message](http://images.slideplayer.com./24/7134376/slides/slide_15.jpg "Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Main driver if sys.argv[1] == -e : message = sys.argv[2] pic = Image.open(sys.argv[3]) encode(message, pic) pic.save(sys.argv[4]) elif sys.argv[1] == -d : pic = Image.open(sys.argv[2]) message = decode(pic) print message")
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Encode def encode(message, pic): assert len(message) < 256, 'Message is too long' set_red(pic, 0, 0, len(message)) i = 1 for c in message: set_red(pic, 0, i, ord(c)) i += 1
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Encode def encode(message, pic): assert len(message) < 256, 'Message is too long' set_red(pic, 0, 0, len(message)) i = 1 for c in message: set_red(pic, 0, i, ord(c)) i += 1
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Encode def encode(message, pic): assert len(message) < 256, 'Message is too long' set_red(pic, 0, 0, len(message)) i = 1 for c in message: set_red(pic, 0, i, ord(c)) i += 1
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Encode def encode(message, pic): assert len(message) < 256, 'Message is too long' set_red(pic, 0, 0, len(message)) i = 1 for c in message: set_red(pic, 0, i, ord(c)) i += 1
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Encode def encode(message, pic): assert len(message) < 256, 'Message is too long' set_red(pic, 0, 0, len(message)) i = 1 for c in message: set_red(pic, 0, i, ord(c)) i += 1
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Encode def encode(message, pic): assert len(message) < 256, 'Message is too long' set_red(pic, 0, 0, len(message)) i = 1 for c in message: set_red(pic, 0, i, ord(c)) i += 1
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Encode def encode(message, pic): assert len(message) < 256, 'Message is too long' set_red(pic, 0, 0, len(message)) i = 1 for c in message: set_red(pic, 0, i, ord(c)) i += 1 def set_red(pic, x, y, val): r, g, b = pic.getpixel((x, y)) pic.putpixel((x, y), (val, g, b))
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Encode def encode(message, pic): assert len(message) < 256, 'Message is too long' set_red(pic, 0, 0, len(message)) i = 1 for c in message: set_red(pic, 0, i, ord(c)) i += 1 def set_red(pic, x, y, val): r, g, b = pic.getpixel((x, y)) pic.putpixel((x, y), (val, g, b))
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Decode def decode(pic): num_chars = get_red(pic, 0, 0) message = '' for i in range(1, num_chars+1): message += chr(get_red(pic, 0, i)) i += 1 return message
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Decode def decode(pic): num_chars = get_red(pic, 0, 0) message = '' for i in range(1, num_chars+1): message += chr(get_red(pic, 0, i)) i += 1 return message
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Decode def decode(pic): num_chars = get_red(pic, 0, 0) message = '' for i in range(1, num_chars+1): message += chr(get_red(pic, 0, i)) i += 1 return message
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Decode def decode(pic): num_chars = get_red(pic, 0, 0) message = '' for i in range(1, num_chars+1): message += chr(get_red(pic, 0, i)) i += 1 return message
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Decode def decode(pic): num_chars = get_red(pic, 0, 0) message = '' for i in range(1, num_chars+1): message += chr(get_red(pic, 0, i)) i += 1 return message Why not str?
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Decode def decode(pic): num_chars = get_red(pic, 0, 0) message = '' for i in range(1, num_chars+1): message += chr(get_red(pic, 0, i)) i += 1 return message def get_red(pic, x, y): r, g, b = pic.getpixel((x, y)) return r
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Result 'ABCDEF'
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Result 'ABCDEF'
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Result 'ABCDEF'
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Result 'ABCDEF'
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Result 'ABCDEF'
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Result ? 'ABCDEF'
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography JPEG is a lossy format
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography JPEG is a lossy format Throw away some information to improve compression
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography JPEG is a lossy format Throw away some information to improve compression Human eye can't tell the difference…
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography JPEG is a lossy format Throw away some information to improve compression Human eye can't tell the difference… …but uncompressed image is not identical to original
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography JPEG is a lossy format Throw away some information to improve compression Human eye can't tell the difference… …but uncompressed image is not identical to original Not very good for hiding messages…
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography JPEG is a lossy format Throw away some information to improve compression Human eye can't tell the difference… …but uncompressed image is not identical to original Not very good for hiding messages… Use a lossless format like PNG instead
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Try program on a square white PNG
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Try program on a square white PNG $ steg -e 'ABCDEF' white.png encoded.png ValueError: too many values to unpack
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Try program on a square white PNG $ steg -e 'ABCDEF' white.png encoded.png ValueError: too many values to unpack def set_red(pic, x, y, val): r, g, b = pic.getpixel((x, y)) pic.putpixel((x, y), (val, g, b))
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Try program on a square white PNG $ steg -e 'ABCDEF' white.png encoded.png ValueError: too many values to unpack def set_red(pic, x, y, val): r, g, b = pic.getpixel((x, y)) pic.putpixel((x, y), (val, g, b)) Pixel at (0, 0) is (255, 255, 255, 255)
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Try program on a square white PNG $ steg -e 'ABCDEF' white.png encoded.png ValueError: too many values to unpack def set_red(pic, x, y, val): r, g, b = pic.getpixel((x, y)) pic.putpixel((x, y), (val, g, b)) Pixel at (0, 0) is (255, 255, 255, 255) alpha (transparency)
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Try program on a square white PNG $ steg -e 'ABCDEF' white.png encoded.png ValueError: too many values to unpack def set_red(pic, x, y, val): r, g, b = pic.getpixel((x, y)) pic.putpixel((x, y), (val, g, b)) Pixel at (0, 0) is (255, 255, 255, 255) Easy to fix… alpha (transparency)
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Result size (6) characters 'ABCDEF'
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Result size (6) characters Not very well hidden… 'ABCDEF'
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Solution: only use the least significant bit of the color in each pixel
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Solution: only use the least significant bit of the color in each pixel Human eye cannot see difference between (140, 37, 200) and (141, 36, 201)
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Solution: only use the least significant bit of the color in each pixel Human eye cannot see difference between (140, 37, 200) and (141, 36, 201) 'A' = 65 10 = 01000001 2
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Solution: only use the least significant bit of the color in each pixel Human eye cannot see difference between (140, 37, 200) and (141, 36, 201) 'A' = 65 10 = 01000001 2 (8 bits/character) / (3 bytes/pixel) = 3 pixels/character
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Solution: only use the least significant bit of the color in each pixel Human eye cannot see difference between (140, 37, 200) and (141, 36, 201) 'A' = 65 10 = 01000001 2 (8 bits/character) / (3 bytes/pixel) = 3 pixels/character (With one bit unused)
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Extract bits def get_bits(char): num = ord(char) result = [0] * 8 for i in range(8): if (num % 2) != 0: result[i] = 1 num /= 2 return result
![Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Extract bits def get_bits(char): num = ord(char) result = [0] * 8 for i in range(8): if (num % 2) != 0: result[i] = 1 num /= 2 return result](http://images.slideplayer.com./24/7134376/slides/slide_55.jpg "Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Extract bits def get_bits(char): num = ord(char) result = [0] * 8 for i in range(8): if (num % 2) != 0: result[i] = 1 num /= 2 return result")
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Extract bits def get_bits(char): num = ord(char) result = [0] * 8 for i in range(8): if (num % 2) != 0: result[i] = 1 num /= 2 return result
![Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Extract bits def get_bits(char): num = ord(char) result = [0] * 8 for i in range(8): if (num % 2) != 0: result[i] = 1 num /= 2 return result](http://images.slideplayer.com./24/7134376/slides/slide_56.jpg "Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Extract bits def get_bits(char): num = ord(char) result = [0] * 8 for i in range(8): if (num % 2) != 0: result[i] = 1 num /= 2 return result")
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Extract bits def get_bits(char): num = ord(char) result = [0] * 8 for i in range(8): if (num % 2) != 0: result[i] = 1 num /= 2 return result
![Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Extract bits def get_bits(char): num = ord(char) result = [0] * 8 for i in range(8): if (num % 2) != 0: result[i] = 1 num /= 2 return result](http://images.slideplayer.com./24/7134376/slides/slide_57.jpg "Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Extract bits def get_bits(char): num = ord(char) result = [0] * 8 for i in range(8): if (num % 2) != 0: result[i] = 1 num /= 2 return result")
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Extract bits def get_bits(char): num = ord(char) result = [0] * 8 for i in range(8): if (num % 2) != 0: result[i] = 1 num /= 2 return result
![Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Extract bits def get_bits(char): num = ord(char) result = [0] * 8 for i in range(8): if (num % 2) != 0: result[i] = 1 num /= 2 return result](http://images.slideplayer.com./24/7134376/slides/slide_58.jpg "Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Extract bits def get_bits(char): num = ord(char) result = [0] * 8 for i in range(8): if (num % 2) != 0: result[i] = 1 num /= 2 return result")
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Extract bits char'A' num65 10 = 01000001 2 result[1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0] i0 def get_bits(char): num = ord(char) result = [0] * 8 for i in range(8): if (num % 2) != 0: result[i] = 1 num /= 2 return result
![Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Extract bits char A num65 10 = result[1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0] i0 def get_bits(char): num = ord(char) result = [0] * 8 for i in range(8): if (num % 2) != 0: result[i] = 1 num /= 2 return result](http://images.slideplayer.com./24/7134376/slides/slide_59.jpg "Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Extract bits char A num65 10 = result[1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0] i0 def get_bits(char): num = ord(char) result = [0] * 8 for i in range(8): if (num % 2) != 0: result[i] = 1 num /= 2 return result")
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Extract bits char'A' num32 10 = 00100000 2 result[1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0] i1 def get_bits(char): num = ord(char) result = [0] * 8 for i in range(8): if (num % 2) != 0: result[i] = 1 num /= 2 return result
![Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Extract bits char A num32 10 = result[1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0] i1 def get_bits(char): num = ord(char) result = [0] * 8 for i in range(8): if (num % 2) != 0: result[i] = 1 num /= 2 return result](http://images.slideplayer.com./24/7134376/slides/slide_60.jpg "Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Extract bits char A num32 10 = result[1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0] i1 def get_bits(char): num = ord(char) result = [0] * 8 for i in range(8): if (num % 2) != 0: result[i] = 1 num /= 2 return result")
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Extract bits char'A' num16 10 = 00010000 2 result[1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0] i2 def get_bits(char): num = ord(char) result = [0] * 8 for i in range(8): if (num % 2) != 0: result[i] = 1 num /= 2 return result
![Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Extract bits char A num16 10 = result[1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0] i2 def get_bits(char): num = ord(char) result = [0] * 8 for i in range(8): if (num % 2) != 0: result[i] = 1 num /= 2 return result](http://images.slideplayer.com./24/7134376/slides/slide_61.jpg "Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Extract bits char A num16 10 = result[1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0] i2 def get_bits(char): num = ord(char) result = [0] * 8 for i in range(8): if (num % 2) != 0: result[i] = 1 num /= 2 return result")
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Extract bits char'A' num1 10 = 00000001 2 result[1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0] i6 def get_bits(char): num = ord(char) result = [0] * 8 for i in range(8): if (num % 2) != 0: result[i] = 1 num /= 2 return result
![Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Extract bits char A num1 10 = result[1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0] i6 def get_bits(char): num = ord(char) result = [0] * 8 for i in range(8): if (num % 2) != 0: result[i] = 1 num /= 2 return result](http://images.slideplayer.com./24/7134376/slides/slide_62.jpg "Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Extract bits char A num1 10 = result[1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0] i6 def get_bits(char): num = ord(char) result = [0] * 8 for i in range(8): if (num % 2) != 0: result[i] = 1 num /= 2 return result")
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Combine with pixels def combine(pixel, bits): assert len(pixel) == len(bits), 'Length mismatch' pixel = list(pixel) for i in range(len(pixel)): even = 2 * (pixel[i] / 2) if bits[i]: even += 1 pixel[i] = even return tuple(pixel)
![Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Combine with pixels def combine(pixel, bits): assert len(pixel) == len(bits), Length mismatch pixel = list(pixel) for i in range(len(pixel)): even = 2 * (pixel[i] / 2) if bits[i]: even += 1 pixel[i] = even return tuple(pixel)](http://images.slideplayer.com./24/7134376/slides/slide_63.jpg "Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Combine with pixels def combine(pixel, bits): assert len(pixel) == len(bits), Length mismatch pixel = list(pixel) for i in range(len(pixel)): even = 2 * (pixel[i] / 2) if bits[i]: even += 1 pixel[i] = even return tuple(pixel)")
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Combine with pixels def combine(pixel, bits): assert len(pixel) == len(bits), 'Length mismatch' pixel = list(pixel) for i in range(len(pixel)): even = 2 * (pixel[i] / 2) if bits[i]: even += 1 pixel[i] = even return tuple(pixel)
![Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Combine with pixels def combine(pixel, bits): assert len(pixel) == len(bits), Length mismatch pixel = list(pixel) for i in range(len(pixel)): even = 2 * (pixel[i] / 2) if bits[i]: even += 1 pixel[i] = even return tuple(pixel)](http://images.slideplayer.com./24/7134376/slides/slide_64.jpg "Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Combine with pixels def combine(pixel, bits): assert len(pixel) == len(bits), Length mismatch pixel = list(pixel) for i in range(len(pixel)): even = 2 * (pixel[i] / 2) if bits[i]: even += 1 pixel[i] = even return tuple(pixel)")
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Combine with pixels def combine(pixel, bits): assert len(pixel) == len(bits), 'Length mismatch' pixel = list(pixel) for i in range(len(pixel)): even = 2 * (pixel[i] / 2) if bits[i]: even += 1 pixel[i] = even return tuple(pixel)
![Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Combine with pixels def combine(pixel, bits): assert len(pixel) == len(bits), Length mismatch pixel = list(pixel) for i in range(len(pixel)): even = 2 * (pixel[i] / 2) if bits[i]: even += 1 pixel[i] = even return tuple(pixel)](http://images.slideplayer.com./24/7134376/slides/slide_65.jpg "Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Combine with pixels def combine(pixel, bits): assert len(pixel) == len(bits), Length mismatch pixel = list(pixel) for i in range(len(pixel)): even = 2 * (pixel[i] / 2) if bits[i]: even += 1 pixel[i] = even return tuple(pixel)")
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Combine with pixels def combine(pixel, bits): assert len(pixel) == len(bits), 'Length mismatch' pixel = list(pixel) for i in range(len(pixel)): even = 2 * (pixel[i] / 2) if bits[i]: even += 1 pixel[i] = even return tuple(pixel)
![Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Combine with pixels def combine(pixel, bits): assert len(pixel) == len(bits), Length mismatch pixel = list(pixel) for i in range(len(pixel)): even = 2 * (pixel[i] / 2) if bits[i]: even += 1 pixel[i] = even return tuple(pixel)](http://images.slideplayer.com./24/7134376/slides/slide_66.jpg "Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Combine with pixels def combine(pixel, bits): assert len(pixel) == len(bits), Length mismatch pixel = list(pixel) for i in range(len(pixel)): even = 2 * (pixel[i] / 2) if bits[i]: even += 1 pixel[i] = even return tuple(pixel)")
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Test for (p, b) in ((( 0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0)), (( 1, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1)), (( 2, 2, 2), (1, 0, 1)), ((255, 255, 255), (0, 1, 1))): result = combine(p, b) print p, '+', b, '=>', result (0, 0, 0) + (0, 1, 0) => (0, 1, 0) (1, 1, 1) + (1, 0, 1) => (1, 0, 1) (2, 2, 2) + (1, 0, 1) => (3, 2, 3) (255, 255, 255) + (0, 1, 1) => (254, 255, 255)
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Write the other functions
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Write the other functions Most important message: bits don't mean anything
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Multimedia ProgrammingSteganography Write the other functions Most important message: bits don't mean anything Meaning comes from how we act on them
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November 2010 created by Greg Wilson Copyright © Software Carpentry 2010 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License See http://software-carpentry.org/license.html for more information.
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