1. Future prospects and needs for nuclear structure studies with higher intensity stable beams F. Azaiez (IPN-Orsay) NUPECC Meeting – Frascati ( december 2003)

2. i) Using stable beams facilities and new generation of detection techniques, the low energy nuclear physics community has proven to be impressively productive with new results and future perspectives! ii) Some of the key questions in the nuclear structure field are and will remain for the coming 10 years well addressed using the state of the art detection systems and higher intensity stable beams!

3. SHE: Where the isle of stability is located? what are the corresponding shell effects ? 114 ? 120 ? 126 ? 184 28 8 20 50 82 50 28 8 20 126 Well identified research program: -Systematic search of SHE -Study of the stabilizing shell structure -Study of complete fusion - fission processes Theoretical predictions ! - "macroscopic-microscopic« Calculations Z=114 et N=184 - relativistic Mean field calculations Z=120/126 et N=184 -Hartree-Fock (Skyrme ) Calculations Z=126 et N=184 testing spin-orbit and more generally effective interactions at the extreme!

4. Experimental Thechniques Filter N SHE. N i. N t. f. d N i : number of incident ions beam intensity N t : number of target ions f : selection efficiency ~ 65% d : detection efficiency ~ 85% High Intensity beams are essential!

5. Systematic search: approaching the limit ? 10 -5 10 -6 10 -7 10 -8 10 -9 10 -10 10 -11 10 -12 10 -13 10 -14 10 -15 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 1 b 1nb 1pb 1fb Charge Z / barn 208 Pb 209 Bi production of element 112: 70 Zn + 208 Pb 277 112 + 1n ~ 0.5 pb I = 0.35 p A (2.1 10 12 pps) 1 evt./19 jours production of element 114: 76 Ge + 208 Pb 278 114 + 1n ~ 0.1 pb 1 evt./3 mois production of element 116: 82 Se + 208 Pb 289 116 + 1n ~ 0.05 pb 1 evt./15 mois production of element 118: 86 Kr + 208 Pb 293 118 + 1n ~ 0.01 pb 1 evt./6 ans I = 200 p A 6 evt./jour I = 200 p A 1 evt./jour I = 200 p A 1 evt./5 jours S. Hofmann, Rep. Prog. Phys. 61(1998)639. Status: Z=112 (GSI), Z=114,116 (Dubna)-to be confirmed! Need for dedicated high intensity stablebeams (few 100 p µ A) and target developments! 200 pµA = 1.2 10 15 pps1 pµA = 6.3 10 12 pps

6. Spectroscopy to probe Shell Structure of Super-heavy Nuclei 82 114 2d3/2 3s1/2 1h9/2 1i13/2 2f7/2 2p3/2 2f5/2 108 126 1j15/2 -0.3 0 0.3 0.6 déformation 2 What is the sequence of single particle states and what are the resulting energy gaps in the super- heavy nuclei?

7. Spectroscopic Studies Prompt and e - spectroscopy of 254 No 208 Pb( 48 Ca,2n) 254 No ~ 2.0 b F.P. He berger et al. Eur. Phys. J A12(2001)57 M. Leino et al. Eur. Phys. J A6(1999)63 JYFL I~10pnA -Prompt and e - spectrscopy (in-beam) -Decay studies (off-beam) décay study of 255 Rf 208 Pb( 50 Ti,3n) 255 Rf ~ 0.2 nb

8. Apply for Super-Heavy Elements Spectroscopy of nuclei up to Z=108 and N=162 In the future: In-beam and e - spectroscopy : up to few 100pnA ( highly segmented detectors, digital electronics,time stamping) Cross section below 100pb will be reachable Off-beam spectroscopy (decay studies): up to few 100p A. Cross section down to 1pb will be reachable

9. and e - spectroscopy using transfer reactions on radioactive targets with high intensity beams (need a dedicated spectrometer: PRISMA,VAMOS) 28 8 20 50 82 50 28 8 20 126 Decay spectrsoscopy few 100pnA In-beam spectroscopy

10. With very high beam intensity and inverse kinematics, Coulomb excitation of recoils at the focal plan of the separator will be possible ( as systematic of B(E2) values carries the fingerprint of specific shell effects) Example: With a p A primary beam, the Coulomb excitation of superheavy nuclei Produced with cross section down to the b becomes feasible Secondary reactions at the focal plan:

11. High-Intensity beams and Super-Heavy Elements Recoil separator with high rejection power 10 13-15 Target development New generation detectors (GREAT, AGATA) with new genaration electronics and data correlation. Long and dedicated beam time Filter 6 th PCRD -> European Collaboration Production, secondary reactions and off beam studies: intensities of few 100p A! In beam studies: intensities of few 100pnA!

12. Medium-spin studies of neutron-rich nuclei using -spectroscopy with Deep-Inelastic reactions: With the factor 10 to 100 increase in beam intensity medium spin states are accessible in nuclei of the regions where known neutron shell effect are disappearing and new ones are appearing! (N=20, N=28, N=32, N=50) LEGNARO Single particle migration Shell effect changes

13. Test experiment recently done at GASP (Z. Podoliach) With few 100pnA beamsWill be accessible!

14. Discovery of superdeformed triaxial nuclei! Through their wobbling modes of excitation (fluctuation of the rotational axis away from the principal axis) 163 Lu Euroball IV + Vivitron S.W.Odegard et al., Phys. Rev. Letters 86 (2001) 5866 D.R. Jensen et al., Phys. Rev. Letters 89 (2002) 142503 The study of high spin states and their decay modes in heavy nuclei (many fascinating new results)!

15. Jacobi shape transition Rotational damping Hyperdeformation Chaos Assisted tunneling superdeformation fission SPIN ENERGY GDR Tetrahedral nuclei A domain rich of new exotic phenomena to be discovered

16. Search for Hyperdeformation dedicated long experiment (VIVITRON+EUROBALL)

17. Rotational Plane Mapping (N=1) and after 2n filtering Eγ2Eγ2 Eγ 1 (keV) 400 800 1200 1600 2000

18. Rotational Plane (δ = 12 keV) Data: 261 MeV – 255 MeV 3D Rotational Plane (δ = 12 keV) 261 MeV 64 Ni + 64 Ni – 2 n => 126 Ba Perpendicular cut: 1440 ± 102 keV FOLD 28+h 26+h 24+h 22+h -400 -200 0 200 400 E γx – E γy 26+h: Perpendicular cut: 1440 keV Cut-width = 204 Cut-width = 84 Cut-width = 124 Cut-width = 164

19. high granularity + digital electronics, time stamping Ultra fast processing AGATA will be able to handle 10 – 100 times more beam Advanced GAmma Tracking Array

20. Important point: For high spin physics incomplete fusion is a promising technique and will be intensively used in the future! (fusion-reaction with radioactive beams)!! Need a dedicated 0° spectrometer (A and Z determination of the non-fusing fragments) A high resolving-power -array (AGATA) HISB

21. The discovery of rotational bands in superdeformed light nuclei ( 36 Ar, 40 Ca) 40 Ca 2 =0.6 2 =0.3 Offer the opportunity to look for their links with resonant molecular and cluster states! and the new generation gamma arrays

22. 32 S + 24 Mg 48 Cr First hints! 8 Be 48 Cr Déformé Sphérique Von Oertzen et al.

23. Search for transitions between highly deformed molecular states! 12 C 24 Mg 12 C 0+0+ 2+2+ 4+4+ 6+6+ 8+8+ Experimental challenge! as the gamma branching ratio very small ( 10 -5 -10 -6 ) Needs highly efficient, highly segmented gamma array in conjunction with binary reaction Spectrometer, higher beam intensity and dedicated experiments with long period of beam time

24. Nuclear Structure in medium mass N=Z nuclei Nuclear Structure in medium mass N=Z nuclei 50 Fe 58 Cu 64 Ge 70 Br 67 Se 88 Ru 66 As 21 Ne 114 Xe Coherent pn octupole correlations Isospin mixing in N=Z=32 64 Ge E1 decay in mirror nuclei 67 Se Isospin symmetries and mirror pairs Spectroscopy at the dripline pn pairing and delayed alignment Coherent pn octupole correlations Isospin mixing in N=Z=32 64 Ge E1 decay in mirror nuclei 67 Se Isospin symmetries and mirror pairs Spectroscopy at the dripline pn pairing and delayed alignment

25. ~ barn The study of high spin states in N=Z nuclei (up to 100 Sn) is still (and will stay ) the domaine of experiments with stable beams and new generation detection systems! The response of nuclei to rotation should bring valuable Information on n-p pairing! FUTURE: In-beam studies: AGATA+highly segmented charged particle detectors+ Recoil spectrometer, higher beam intensity (x10 to x100) and longer beam time! Decay studies and Coulomb excitation at the focal plan: High intensity beams up to few tens of p A

26. The low energy nuclear structure community has well defined and promissing research programs for the future. Many of them are based on measurements to be carried out using higher intensity stable beams. The in-beam studies will benefit from the high segmentation of new detection Systems and from digital electronics, in order to allow the increase of beam intensity by one order to two orders of magnitude ( up to few 100pnA). Other approaches using detection systems after a separator (focal plan) require a stable beam facility with very high intensities ( up to 100p A) In all the cases a dedicated detection system is needed to run experiments with longer beam time. Existing European facilities Legnaro, JYFL (up to few 100pnA) GSI (unilac), Ganil (CSS1) (up to 1p A) Projects of very high intensity injectors for SPES and SPIRAL2 (LINAG up to 1pmA of Ar) but not for all species

27. It is certain that even after the construction of second generation radioactive beam facilities critical measurements using stable beams will be required. Furthermore, it is almost certain that measurements and discoveries made with radioactive species will stimulate new programs requiring stable beams. My suggestion for you would be to have a European working group to assess the research perspectives of the existing stable beam facilities, their needs for development, their specificities or complementarities (from the point of view of the physics program). A report from this working group and its recommendations will be very useful for the community. My personal opinion is that stable beams with moderate intensity (up to few 100pnA) for a wide range of ions should be made available, within the coming years at some of the existing stable beam facilities in order to take advantage of the ongoing detector and electronics developments. The higher intensity stable beam (up to 1pmA) should take advantage (in a way that should be discussed) of the developments of driver accelerators for the future radioactive beam facilities.