1. CONTROLLED FLIGHT INTO TERRAIN C F I T

2. C F I T
DEFINITION
AN EVENT WHERE A MECHANICALLY NORMALLY FUNCTIONING AIRPLANE IS INADVERTENTLY FLOWN INTO THE GROUND, WATER, OR AN OBSTACLE

3. OVERVIEW FOR MANAGEMENT

4. INTRODUCTION
CFIT CONTINUES TO BE THE DOMINANT REASON FOR ACCIDENTS INVOLVING HULL LOSSES AND FATALITIES
9000 PEOPLE HAVE DIED WORLD WIDE BECAUSE OF CFIT
AT CURRENT RATE CFIT COULD CAUSE ONE MAJOR AIRLINE HULL LOSS, AND ASSOCIATED FATALITIES, PER WEEK BY YEAR 2010
IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT CFIT ACCIDENT RATE BE LOWERED
OPERATORS MUST BE MADE AWARE OF THE CFIT PROBLEM AS WELL AS TRAINED TO AVOID THESE ACCIDENTS

5. GENERAL GOALS & OBJECTIVES
EDUCATE BOTH OPERATIONAL & MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL
PROVIDE SPECIFIC, APPROPRIATE EDUCATIONAL MATERIAL
PROPOSE AN EXAMPLE TRAINING PROGRAM
PROVIDE MANAGERS WITH AN EFFECTIVE CFIT AVOIDANCE STRATEGY

6. RESOURCE UTILIZATION
OPERATORS SHOULD USE BOTH THE ACADEMIC AND SIMULATOR TRAINING PROGRAM TO ACHIEVE A WELL-BALANCED, EFFECTIVE CFIT TRAINING PROGRAM
ALLOCATION OF TRAINING TIME FOR CFIT WITHIN BOTH RECURRENT AND TRANSITION PROGRAM WILL VARY WITH EACH OPERATOR

7. DECISION MAKERS GUIDE
AIRLINE MANAGEMENT CREATES THE SAFETY CULTURE OF THE ORGANIZATION. THIS CULTURE THEN AFFECTS EVERYONE WITHIN THE ORGANIZATION
ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS ARE PREVENTABLE THROUGH EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT: DOING SO IS COST EFFECTIVE

8. C F I T ACCIDENTS

9. HULL-LOSS ACCIDENTS FOR WORLDWIDE COMMERCIAL JET FLEET

10. CFIT HULL-LOSS ACCIDENTS FOR WORLDWIDE COMMERCIAL JET FLEET

11. WORLDWIDE AIRLINE ACCIDENTS CLASSIFIED BY TYPE - 1991 THROUGH 1995

12. WORLDWIDE AIRLINE FATALITIES CLASSIFIED BY TYPE OF ACCIDENT-1991 THROUGH 1995

13. POSITIVE RESULTS OF GROUND WARNING SYSTEMS (GPWS)

14. CFIT ACCIDENT PER YEAR-USA AND WORLD CARRIERS

15. GPWS INITIAL RELIABILITY AND FOLLOW- ON IMPROVEMENTS

16. FLIGHT PATH PROFILE: 707-300, Santa Maria, Azores, February 8, 1989

17. INDUSTRY SUPPORT REQUIRED FOR GPWS

18. WORLD AIRLINE JET FLEET EQUIPPED WITH GPWS

19. COMMERCIAL JET CFIT ACCIDENTS; 7-YEAR PERIOD-1989 THROUGH 1995

20. CFIT AND FLIGHT CREW

21. CAUSES FOR CFIT ACCIDENTS

22. PRIMARY CAUSE FACTORS FOR HULL-LOSS ACCIDENTS FOR WORLDWIDE COMMERCIAL JET FLEET

23. FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO CFIT
ALTIMETER SETTING UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
ALTIMETER SETTING
SAFE ALTITUDES
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
FLIGHT CREW COMPLACENCY
PROCEDURAL
Contd.

24. PERCENTAGE OF ALL ACCIDENTS BY PHASE OF FLIGHT AND THE PERCENTAGE OF FLIGHT TIME THAT THE FLIGHT CREW IS EXPOSED DURING THAT PHASE

25. MAP LOCATION OF CFIT ACCIDENTS/INCIDENTS

26. FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO CFIT
DESCENT, APPROACH AND LANDING

27. PRIMARY CAUSE FACTORS FOR HULL-LOSS ACCIDENTS FOR WORLDWIDE COMMERCIAL JET FLEET

28. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF CFIT ACCIDENTS

32. FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO C F I T
AUTOFLIGHT SYSTEM
TRAINING

33. C F I T PREVENTION
MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDE WARNING SYSTEM (MSAWS)

35. C F I T PREVENTION MSAWS CREW BRIEFING AUTOFLIGHT SYSTEMS
ROUTE & DESTINATION FAMILIARIZATION
ALTITUDE AWARENESS
USE OF CALL OUTS
GPWS WARNING ESCAPE MANEUVER
CHARTS
TRAINING

36. EXAMPLE CFIT TRAINING PROGRAM

37. ACADEMIC TRAINING PROGRAM

38. ACADEMIC TRAINING PROGRAM
RECOGNIZE FACTORS THAT LEAD TO CFIT ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS
KNOW PREVENTION STRATEGIES THAT WILL ENSURE SAFE FLIGHT
IMPROVE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS TO AVOID CFIT
LEARN ESCAPE MANEUVER AND TECHNIQUES TO ENHANCE POSSIBILITY OF SURVIVAL

39. CFIT SIMULATOR TRAINING PROGRAM

40. SIMULATOR TRAINING OBJECTIVES
RECOGNIZE CONTRIBUTING FACTORS THAT CAN LEAD TO A CFIT INCIDENT
MAINTAIN PROPER HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
COMMUNICATE & COORDINATE ON FLIGHT DECK DURING CRITICAL PHASES OF FLIGHT
RECOGNIZE A POTENTIAL CFIT SITUATION AND TAKE APPROPRIATE ACTION
GAIN CONFIDENCE IN THE GPWS
PERFORM A SUCCESSFUL CFIT ESCAPE MANEUVER

41. PILOT SIMULATOR BRIEFING
REVIEW CONTRIBUTING FACTORS AND CAUSES
EXPLAIN NEED FOR GOOD FLIGHT CREW COORDINATION
DISCUSS GPWS OPERATING MODES
REVIEW AIRPLANE ESCAPE MANEUVER / PROCEDURE AND PILOT TECHNIQUES
DISCUSS COMMON FLIGHT CREW ERRORS

42. GENERIC GPWS WARNING ESCAPE MANEUVER
REACT IMMEDIATELY TO A GPWS WARNING
POSITIVELY APPLY MAXIMUM THRUST AND ROTATE TO THE APPROPRIATE PITCH FOR YOUR AEROPLANE
PULL UP WITH WINGS LEVEL TO ENSURE MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE
ALWAYS RESPECT STICK SHAKER

43. GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING MODES (MARK VI)

44. GPWS MODE 1

45. GPWS MODE 1

46. GPWS MODE 2

47. GPWS MODE 3
Fig.4

48. GPWS MODE 4

49. GPWS MODE 4
Fig. 4

50. GPWS MODE 5

51. GPWS MODE 6

52. ICAO ACTION ON CFIT PREVENTION
EXPANDED GPWS CARRIAGE REQUIREMENTS (31 DECEMBER 1998)
MINIMUM GPWS MODE REQUIREMENTS (31 DECEMBER 1998)
NON-PRECISION APPROACH PROCEDURE DESIGN
SPECIFICATIONS FOR INSTRUMENT APPROACH CHARTS AND OTHER CHARTS (SID, STAR, AND TERMINAL AREA)

53. ICAO ACTION ON CFIT PREVENTION (2)
FUTURE PUBLICATION OF THE CFIT PREVENTION PROGRAMME
FUTURE MAJOR EFFORT TO ENSURE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROGRAMME IN INTERNATIONAL AND IN DOMESTIC OPERATIONS