2. What is cytology? Anatomy of the cell – Nucleus, DNA, Cytoplasm, Organelles Aerobic and anaerobic respiration Photosynthesis

3. What does ‘cytology’ mean? The study of the structure and function of cells Basic Structure Nucleus (eukaryotes) Cell membrane Cytoplasm Cytosol Organelles

4. Nucleus – control center Cytoplasm – space outside nucleus surrounded by cell membrane Contains Organelles – tiny structures which perform functions for the cell Cytosol – fluid around the organelles

5. Prokaryote Smaller & Simpler Considered “primitive” Lack membrane-bound organelles No nucleus Free floating genetic material Bacteria

6. Eukaryote Membrane-bound nucleus Membrane-bound organelles Plant & animal cells

8. Control center of cell – in charge of everything Like the office of the school Contains DNA – blueprints for making proteins and other essential compounds

9. Nucleolus – small, dense region where ribosomes are formed Nuclear envelope – double layered membrane surrounding the nucleus Nuclear pores – control what moves into and out of the nucleus DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid – genetic material of life Chromatin – long chains of DNA stretched out inside the nucleus Chromosomes – short thick coiled up sections of DNA

10. Building blocks of DNA are called Nucleotides Consists of a phosphate, sugar and a nitrogenous base 4 types of nitrogenous base adenine (A) thymine (T) cytosine (C) guanine (G)

11. DNA consists of two nucleotide chains wound together to form a double helix

12. Watson & Crick 1953 Discovered double-helix structure Discovered complimentary base-pair rule A – T C – G Why ‘triplet’? Every group of 3 nitrogenous bases codes for one of the 20 amino acids!

16. Using your textbook or a laptop, research the function of each of the organelles list on the summary sheet. Eukaryotic Cell Structure Cell Anatomy Cells Alive How Big Are Cells?

17. What do we know about mitochondria? Power plant for the cell Site of cellular respiration Has it’s own DNA!!!

18. Glucose gets broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce energy (exothermic or catabolic) Carbon dioxide & water are the other by-products C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ENERGY Releases lots of energy at a relatively slow, steady pace

19. Glucose gets broken down without the use of oxygen (exothermic or catabolic) Produces lactic acid = the “burn” C 6 H 12 O 6 2 C 3 H 6 O 3 + Energy Releases small amount of energy at a really quick rate

20. Adenosine triphosphate Converts energy to make it useful to the cell Aerobic respiration produces enough energy that it requires 36 ATP molecules Anaerobic respiration produces enough energy that it requires only 2 ATP molecules

22. Contain special organelles called “plastids” Chloroplasts – site of photosynthesis; contain green pigment (chlorophyll) - contain thylakoid discs stacked into columns called granum (grana – plural) Amyloplasts – found in root cells of plants and their function is to store starch

24. Exact opposite reaction to cellular respiration Carbon dioxide + water + energy (sunlight) = sugar (glucose) + oxygen 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + sun light C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  Endothermic/anabolic reaction

25. TBA Review Sheet Use the text or ask questions