1. 9 September 2005NVO Summer School 2006 - Aspen Astronomical Dataset Query Language (ADQL) Ray Plante T HE US N ATIONAL V IRTUAL O BSERVATORY

2. 9 September 2005NVO Summer School 2006 - Aspen Intersections and Goals Users –Will primarily use portal interfaces to query catalogs in pursuit of science Goals: Create original ADQL queries using the OpenSkyPortal Cross-correlate two catalogs using the XMatch function Scripters and Data Providers –Will use client libraries to query catalogs In pursuit of science requires more queries and/or repetition than is practical to do by hand. –Will use a toolkit to deploy a service that uses ADQL (e.g. SkyNode) Goals: Understand the role of ADQL/x in supporting query web services See how ADQL will be used with other services beyond SkyNodes Developers –Will develop new services and applications that use ADQL –Will extend existing code that uses ADQL Goals: Use library to convert between ADQL/s & ADQL/x Understand how ADQL can be adapted to new local query languages

3. 9 September 2005NVO Summer School 2006 - Aspen What is ADQL? ADQL = subset of SQL92 + astronomy extensions –Originally developed as part of SkyNode interface –Focuses on read-access via SELECT –Later versions allow creating tables to hold intermediate results –astronomy: regions and cross-matching ADQL has two forms: –ADQL/s – string form Looks like SQL Intended as users view of ADQL –ADQL/x – XML form SQL parse tree Format used in messages passed to search services Easier to parse and transform into local query

4. 9 September 2005NVO Summer School 2006 - Aspen Caution: Construction ahead ADQL is undergoing rapid change as a standard –OpenSkyPortal and existing SkyNodes use ADQL v0.7.4 This talk will focus on this version –IVOA is currently considering v1.05 –Discussion is underway to simplify ADQL in the context of a Table Access Protocol Bringing a core syntax in compliance with SQL92 De-emphasizing the role of ADQL/x by supporting ADQL/s directly on the wire Sharpening the definitions of cross-match and region functions

5. 9 September 2005NVO Summer School 2006 - Aspen Why ADQL/x? If ADQL is standard SQL (plus) and we are querying SQL databases, why do we need an XML form? –Query Transformation is commonly necessary Few databases are 100% compliant with the SQL standard. –Transform to local SQL dialect Semantic filtering possible (transforming metadata). Easier to adapt to non-relational databases –E.g. XML database –A pre-parsed form on the wire makes transformations easier to implement ADQL/x on the wire –Shifts parsing problem to the client – ACCESS BARRIER! Experience –Minor transformations can often be handled via SQL string manipulation –More careful adherence to SQL92 would eliminate most common difference between native SQLs (TOP, functions) –The emergence of parser/conversion tools make choice of wire format less important

6. 9 September 2005NVO Summer School 2006 - Aspen Why ADQL/x? If ADQL is standard SQL (plus) and we are querying SQL databases, why do we need an XML form? Query Transformation is commonly necessary –Few databases are 100% compliant with the SQL standard. Transform to local SQL dialect –Semantic filtering possible (transforming metadata). –Easier to adapt to non-relational databases E.g. XML database

7. 9 September 2005NVO Summer School 2006 - Aspen What is ADQL? SELECT o.objId, o.ra, o.r, o.type, t.objId FROM SDSS:PhotoPrimary o, TWOMASS:PhotoPrimary t WHERE XMATCH(o,t,3.5,1) AND Region('Circle J2000 181.3 -0.76 6.5') AND o.type=3

8. 9 September 2005NVO Summer School 2006 - Aspen ADQL for Users Restrictions on SQL92 Only SELECT statements allowed –v1.0: SELECT INTO for saving results in remote storage All tables in FROM must define an alias FROM PhotoPrimary o JOIN keywords not supported –Traditional inner joins supported –Outer joins not supported IN keyword not supported p.id IN (23872871, 2309823, 1512342)

9. 9 September 2005NVO Summer School 2006 - Aspen ADQL for Users Astronomical Extension: Regions Does a position fall within a region of sky? Uses Space-time Coordinate metadata schema –Also an emerging IVOA standard –Has string and XML formats Allows for a several region shapes, coordinate systems –Current SkyNode implementations only support CIRCLE J2000 WHERE REGION('CIRCLE J2000 ra dec radius ') –ra dec = right ascension, declination in degrees –radius = angular radius of cone, in degrees

10. 9 September 2005NVO Summer School 2006 - Aspen ADQL for Users Joining Tables Implied Inner Joins –WHERE constraint where key in one table is set to key in other table p.objId = s.objId –This is only practical for joining tables from the same catalog/node ADQL/SkyQuery was motivated by the need to cross-correlate distributed tables by position –XMatch: extension for joining based on matching positions. Current practice: a statistical analysis of the likelihood that two positions are the same

11. 9 September 2005NVO Summer School 2006 - Aspen ADQL for Users Astronomical Extension: XMatch Catalog/Node designation: –Tables in FROM class are preceeded by node name FROM SDSS:PhotoPrimary s, TWOMASS:PhotoPrimary t XMatch function –Arguments: tables to cross-match Referred to by the table aliases –Returns: chi-squared confidence that two objects are the same XMATCH(s, t) < 3.5 given sources in each table are the same with a confidence of better than 3.5 sigmas –Can include negative detection XMATCH(s, t, !o) < 3.5 Detected in tables s and t but not in o

12. 9 September 2005NVO Summer School 2006 - Aspen ADQL for Users/Data Providers The XMatch Algorithm ADQL does not set cross-match algorithm –Requires positional information and positional errors SkyNode recommends chi-square minimization – x, y, z is the unit vector position of the most likely position of an object – x n, y n, z n is the measured position in a survey – α n is a weighting based on the positional error

13. 9 September 2005NVO Summer School 2006 - Aspen Limiting the cross-matched candidates –In principle, analysis can be carried out on every possible combination of detections –Techniques for limiting cross-matches User provides a limited region constraint User provides other filtering constraints (e.g. color) Implementation can apply internal X2 cut-off based on given overall limit Invoking XMatch causes additional info to be returned –Most likely position, the original positions – Χ 2, Minimized Chi-squared –SkyNodes: intermediate values in statistical calculations A single detections position can appear in multiple cross- matched records ADQL for Users/Data Providers Using XMatch

14. 9 September 2005NVO Summer School 2006 - Aspen ADQL for Scripters Accessing ADQL Services OpenSkyPortal web service takes ADQL/s –querying SkyNodes is straight-forward through portal service Querying an individual SkyNode service –Requires use of ADQL/x –Client-side support is not great but improving –As a user, would like to give ADQL/s Use convertADQL to convert ADQL/s to ADQL/x on the fly

15. 9 September 2005NVO Summer School 2006 - Aspen ADQL for Scripters Other uses of ADQL Searching Registries –Registry Interface v1.0 for this year –Specify only WHERE clause –Use simple XPaths for column names Ex: WHERE content/description LIKE '%quasars%' Future generations of SIAP, SSAP –Replace simple keyword=value query –More fine-grained control over search criteria

16. 9 September 2005NVO Summer School 2006 - Aspen ADQL for Developers ADQLlib Parses and converts between string & XML versions Can be incorporated into client code to provide support for ADQL/s –Java clients can use Java API directly –Other clients can use the convertADQL command-line tool ADQL/x -> ADQL/s –Multiple transformation implementations, can be supported –Default implementation uses XSLT –Can be configured to convert from ADQL/x directly to a RDBMS local variant of SQL