1. Computer Graphics Prof. Muhammad Saeed Dept. of Computer Science & IT Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology

2. Hardware (Display Technologies and Devices) IV FUUASTDept. of Comp. Sc.& IT2 Hardware IV Computer Graphics

3. FUUASTDept. of Comp. Sc.& IT3 Organic LED Arrays Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) Arrays The display of the future? OLED are: Transparent Flexible Light-emitting, and quite bright (daylight visible) Large viewing angle Fast (< 1 microsecond off-on-off) Can be made large or small Available for cell phones and car stereos Hardware IV Computer Graphics

4. FED: Field Emissive Displays were once heir to CRT throne Super-small emitters of electrons attracted to front glass Super-fine pixel pitch (comparable to OLEDs) High brightness, wide viewing angles, saturated color FUUASTDept. of Comp. Sc.& IT4 FEDs use an array of carbon nanotubes for emission of electrons Hardware IV Computer Graphics

5. FUUASTDept. of Comp. Sc.& IT5 SED uses an emitter array based on palladium oxide SED (Surface-conduction Electron-emitter Display) Hardware IV Computer Graphics

6. iMod: Interferometric Modulator uses natural reflective principles (interferometer) Two-position pixel reflects or absorbs light RGB stripes are used for color imaging Initial target is handheld electronics, near- to-eye Marketed in May 2008 for mobile displays FUUASTDept. of Comp. Sc.& IT6 Hardware IV Computer Graphics

7. FUUASTDept. of Comp. Sc.& IT7 DLP technology is based on an optical semiconductor called a Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) chip which was invented in 1987 by Texas Instruments. The DMD is basically an extremely precise light switch that enables light to be modulated digitally via millions of microscopic mirrors arranged in a rectangular array. Each mirror is spaced less than 1 micron apart - that's a thin gap compared to LCD. These mirrors are literally capable of switching on and off thousands of times per second and are used to direct light towards, and away from, a dedicated pixel space. The duration of the on/off timing determines the level of gray seen in the pixel. Current DMD chips can produce up to 1024 shades of gray. By integrating this grayscale capability with a 6 panel color wheel (2x RGB), the DLP system is able to produce more than 16 million colors. A DMD system can be made up of a single chip or 3 chips, resulting in even greater color reproduction. For example, DLP Cinema systems can reproduce over 35 trillion colors. Hardware IV Computer Graphics

8. EL Display: One Color Fits All Electroluminescent display uses a common-color phosphor emitter (blue) Color filters (stripes) provide R, G, B imaging Matrix of electrodes for pixel activation Bright display, wide viewing angles Similar to LCD with single-color backlight Similar to plasma with emissive operation FUUASTDept. of Comp. Sc.& IT8 Hardware IV Computer Graphics

9. ELV Display Electrowetting light valve display uses oil and water mixture to shutter light Change in voltage potential causes oil to shift position Light source is individual RGB LEDs Bright transmissive display, wide viewing angles FUUASTDept. of Comp. Sc.& IT9 Hardware IV Computer Graphics

10. Portable, flexible, reusable, light-weight, non-backlit Slow for animations Wider viewing angle Used in e-books »VideoVideo FUUASTDept. of Comp. Sc.& IT10 Electronic Paper Hardware IV Computer Graphics

11. Surface looks like surface of a table No mouse or keyboard, just fingers moving and touching on the surface Surface recognizes camera, mobile, etc. File transfer from one device to another with just the flick of a finger Touch animations and multimedia handling »VideoVideo FUUASTDept. of Comp. Sc.& IT11 Microsoft Surface Technology Hardware IV Computer Graphics

12. No mouse or keyboard, just fingers moving on the surface or accepting a particular sign language or sound Made using different technologies Used in conferences, stadia and halls Animations and multimedia handling »VideoVideo FUUASTDept. of Comp. Sc.& IT12 Wall Display Hardware IV Computer Graphics

13. Made using laser technology 3-D display and 3-D Screens Contains a lot of information Useful for archiving 3-D objects, advertisements, exhibition of expensive objects Holographic interactive Computer Screens »Video IVideo I »Video IIVideo II »Video IIIVideo III FUUASTDept. of Comp. Sc.& IT13 Hologram Hardware IV Computer Graphics

14. Raster and Vector Display FUUASTDept. of Comp. Sc.& IT14 Hardware IV Computer Graphics

15. FUUASTDept. of Comp. Sc.& IT15 Raster Graphics Monitors How to generate a line using rasters A line is represented by assigning some pixels a value of 1 The entire line is specified by the pixel values Hardware IV Computer Graphics

16. FUUASTDept. of Comp. Sc.& IT16 Vector Graphics Plotters How to generate an image using vectors A line is represented by endpoints (50,50) to (120,150) The points along the line are computed using a line equation y = mx + b Hardware IV Computer Graphics

17. FUUASTDept. of Comp. Sc.& IT17 Bitmap Images vs Vector Images Enlarging a bitmap image simply enlarges the individual dots of color. The result is bigger, chunkier dots, with no additional detail. When a vector image is enlarged, it is re-drawn at a higher resolution, displaying as much detail as possible from the original image. Hardware IV Computer Graphics

18. END Hardware IV FUUASTDept. of Comp. Sc.& IT18 Hardware IV Computer Graphics