1. Government in America: People, Politics, and Policy
Thirteenth AP* Edition
Edwards/Wattenberg/Lineberry
Chapter 3
Federalism
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Objective 1
Define federalism and explain why it is important to American government and politics.
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I. Defining Federalism
A. What is Federalism?
1. Federalism: a way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have formal authority over the land and people
2. Unitary governments: a way of organizing a nation so that all power resides in the central government
3. Confederation: The United Nations is a modern example.
4. Intergovernmental Relations: the workings of the federal system- the entire set of interactions among national, state and local governments
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5. Authority Relations
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B. Importance
Why Is Federalism So Important?
1.Decentralizes our politics
More opportunities to participate
2. Decentralizes our policies
Federal and state governments handle different problems.
States regulate drinking ages, marriage, and speed limits.
States can solve the same problem in different ways and tend to be policy innovators.
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Objective 1 Summary
In your Summary you should:
1. Define federalism and explain why it is important to American government and politics.
You should have 7 Questions
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Objective 2
Describe how the Constitution divides power between the national and state governments and understand why the supremacy of the
national government is the central principle of American federalism.
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II. Division of Power
A. The Division of Power
1. Supremacy Clause, Article VI of the Constitution states the following are supreme:
The U.S. Constitution
Laws of Congress
Treaties
2. Yet, national government cannot usurp state powers.
Tenth Amendment
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3. Distribution of Powers
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B. Establishing National Supremacy
1. Implied and enumerated powers
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
2. Commerce Powers
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
3. The Civil War ( )
The Struggle for Racial Equality
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
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Objective 2 Summary
In your Summary you should:
Describe how the Constitution divides power between the national and state governments and understand why the supremacy of the national government is the central principle of American federalism.
You should have 8 Questions
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Objective 3
Explain the nature of the states' obligations to each other.
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II. State Obligations
A. States’ Obligations to Each Other
1. Full Faith and Credit: Each state must recognize official documents and judgments rendered by other states.
Article IV, Section I of Constitution
2. Privileges and Immunities: Citizens of each state have privileges of citizens of other states.
Article IV, Section 2 of Constitution
3. Extradition: States must return a person charged with a crime in another state to that state for punishment.
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Objective 3 Summary
In your Summary you should:
Explain the nature of the states' obligations to each other.
You should have 11 Questions
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Objective 4
Explain how federalism in the United States has shifted from dual federalism to cooperative federalism.
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IV. Federalism Shift
A. Dual Federalism
1. Definition: a system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies
2. Like a layer cake
3. Narrowly interpreted powers of federal government
4. Ended in the 1930’s
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B. Cooperative Federalism
1. Definition: a system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government
2. Like a marble cake
3. Shared costs and administration
4. States follow federal guidelines
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Objective 4 Summary
In your Summary you should:
Explain how federalism in the United States has shifted from dual federalism to cooperative federalism.
You should have 19 Questions
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Objective 5
Describe the nature of fiscal federalism and how states and cities compete for federal grants and aid.
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20. V. Intergovernmental Relations Today
A. Fiscal Federalism
1. Definition: the pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government’s relations with state and local governments
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2. Fiscal Federalism
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3. The Grant System: Distributing the Federal Pie
Categorical Grants: federal grants that can be used for specific purposes; grants with strings attached
Project Grants: based on merit
Formula Grants: amount varies based on formulas
Block Grants: federal grants given more or less automatically to support broad programs
Grants are given to states & local governments.
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4. The Scramble for Federal Dollars
$460 billion in grants every year
Grant distribution follows universalism—a little something for everybody.
5. The Mandate Blues
Mandates direct states or local governments to comply with federal rules under threat of penalties or as a condition of receipt of a federal grant.
Unfunded mandates
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Objective 5 Summary
In your Summary you should:
Describe the nature of fiscal federalism and how states and cities compete for federal grants and aid.
You should have 24 Questions
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Objective 6
Explain the relationship between federalism and democracy, and how federalism contributes to and detracts from democracy.
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26. 6. Understanding Federalism
1. Advantages for Democracy
Increases access to government
Local problems can be solved locally
Hard for political parties or interest groups to dominate all politics
2. Disadvantages for Democracy
States have different levels of service
Local interest can counteract national interests
Too many levels of government and too much money
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3. Diversity in Public Policy
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4. The Downside of Diversity
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5. Number of Governments in America
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Objective 6 Summary
In your Summary you should:
Explain the relationship between federalism and democracy, and how federalism contributes to and detracts from democracy.
You should have 29 Questions
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Objective 7
Understand how federalism has contributed to the scope of the national government
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32. VII. Federalism and the Scope of Government
A. Federalism and the Scope of Government
1. What should the scope of national government be relative to the states?
National power increased with industrialization, expansion of individual rights, and social services.
Most problems require resources afforded to the national, not state governments.
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2. Fiscal Federalism
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Objective 7 Summary
In your Summary you should:
Understand how federalism has contributed to the scope of the national government
Your Notes should have a total of 31 questions and 7 summaries.
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Summary
American federalism is a governmental system in which power is shared between a central government and the 50 state governments.
The United States has moved from dual to cooperative federalism; fiscal federalism.
Federalism leads to both advantages and disadvantages to democracy.
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