1. AIMS State and apply the law of conservation of energy
Fixed amount in closed systems
Change form not create or destroy
Understand need to transform energy
Explain any losses
Use systems diagrams to account for energy changes
Identify energy forms and changes within a system
Calculate energy transfers

2. The Law of Conservation of Energy
The conservation of energy is a fundamental concept of physics.
Along with the conservation of mass and momentum.
Derived from first law of thermodynamics.
Within a closed system, the amount of energy remains constant and energy is neither created nor destroyed.
Energy can be converted from one form to another but the total energy within the domain remains fixed.

3. Energy Transformation
How energy can be converted to other forms is important to technologists
Some forms are directly interchangeable
Dropping a stone
Potential  Kinetic
Others require several stages
Coal burnt in a power station to produce electrical power
Chemical  heat  kinetic  electrical

4. Systems Approach
Systems diagrams can be used to summarise energy changes
Consider a light bulb (simplified)
Produce system diagrams for an electric motor and an electric generator
LIGHT BULB
ELECTIRCAL
LIGHT

5. Energy Transformation Examples
State the energy form at points A, B, C and D D
A: Potential energy
B: Kinetic Energy (linear motion)
C: Kinetic Energy (rotary motion)
D: Electrical Energy B C

6. Energy Transformation Examples
State the energy form at points A to H in the diagram opposite.
Describe the energy changes that take place within the system
A: Potential
B: Electrical
C: Sound
D: Electrical
E: Light
F: Electrical
G: Electrical
H: Potential

7. Energy ‘losses’ during transformation
We accept that energy cannot be created or destroyed
This tells us that the energy output of a system equals the energy input
HOWEVER, not all the energy is used to do USEFUL work
When a conversion takes place there is always a loss
Examples are sound, friction or heat
Go back to the energy conversion diagrams for the bulb, motor and generator and add any losses to the output side

8. Energy Losses in a Wind Turbine
A turbine can be used to generate electricity. The generator can be connected to it in two ways.
coupled directly to vanes
coupled via shafts and gears

9. Energy ‘losses’ during transformation
List the energy conversions that take place during its operation
Describe the energy losses in both systems
Which do you think is more efficient?

10. Calculating Energy Transfers: A Falling Ball
E = EP1
E = (EP2 + EK1) = EP1
E = EK2 = (EP2 + EK1) = EP1
If the mass is 5kg and the building is 25m tall calculate the final velocity and the kinetic energy at impact

11. Worked Example
A body of mass 30 kg falls freely from a height of 20 metres. Find its final velocity and kinetic energy at impact.
First calculate the initial potential energy.
EP = mgh = 30  9.81  = 5.88 kJ
This potential energy is converted or transferred into kinetic energy, which means that the kinetic energy at impact is equal to 5.9 kJ.
To calculate the final velocity of the body we begin by taking EK = 5.9 kJ.
EK = ½mv²  10³ = ½  30  v²
v² = 392.4
v = 19.8 m/s

12. Pupil Problems
A 5 kg mass is raised steadily through a height of 2 m. What work is done and what is the body’s potential energy relative to the start?
A body of mass 30 kg is projected vertically upwards with an initial velocity of 20 m/s. What is the initial kinetic energy of the body and to what height will it rise?
A mass of 20 kg is allowed to fall freely from a certain height above a datum. When the body is 16 m above the datum, it possesses a total energy of 3,531 J. What is the starting height of the object?

13. Efficiency Calculating efficiency
The efficiency of an energy transformation is a
measure of how much of the input energy appears
as useful output energy.
The efficiency of any system can be calculated
using the equation:
Efficiency,  = Useful energy output
Total energy input

14. Worked Example An electric lift rated at 110 V, 30 A raises a 700
kg load a height of 20 m in two minutes.
By considering the electrical energy input and the potential energy gained by the mass, determine the percentage efficiency of this energy transformation.

15. Worked Problem Ee = ItV = 30  120  110 = 396 kJ
Potential energy gained is calculated as follows.
EP = mgh
= 700  9.81  20
= kJ
Percentage Efficiency = Useful Energy Output  100%
Total Energy Input
= 100% = 34.7%

16. Pupil Problems
(1) An electric kettle is rated at 240 V, 10 A. When switched on it takes three minutes to raise the temperature of 0.5 kg of water from 20C to 100C.
Determine:
The electrical energy supplied in the three minutes
The heat energy required to raise the temperature of the water
The efficiency of the kettle.

17. Pupil Problems
Boxes in a factory are transferred from one floor to another using a
chute system as shown above. The boxes start from rest at the top of
the chute and during the decent there is a 40 per cent loss of energy.
The boxes weigh 10 kg each.
Calculate the velocity of the boxes at the bottom of the chute.

18. Energy Audits
Your Teacher will show you how to construct an energy audit