1. –Mid-Decadal Global Land Survey –Data Gap study –Towards Decadal Global Land Survey Garik Gutman Land-Cover/Land Use Change Program, Manager Landsat Program Scientist NASA HQ, Washington, DC Global Land Surveys

2. Global Land Surveys (GLS) Recent Integrated Global Observations of Land (IGOL) theme report calls for the generation of maps documenting global land cover at resolutions between 10m and 30m at least every five years Despite 35 years of Landsat observations, there has not been a unified global analysis of land cover trends nor has there been a global assessment of land-cover change at Landsat- like resolution => Periodic Global Land Surveys and assessments of land cover/land-cover change are needed

3. GEOSS Task AG-06-04 Task –Initiate an international assessment effort on forests and forest changes utilizing ongoing land cover mapping projects (e.g. GLOBCOVER). –Ensure application of standardized classifications and harmonization of existing datasets Deliverables –Up­to­date user needs assessment for forest/land cover observations for forestry at regional and global scales –Launch and progress for GEOSS implementation project on international forest assessments –Availability and adoption of land characterization standards and updated land cover data.

4. Available Data In the beginning of this decade NASA funded development of data sets based on global Landsat observations These GLS data sets provided global, orthorectified, typically cloud-free Landsat imagery centered on the years 1975, 1990, and 2000. These data sets provide a consistent set of observations to assess land-cover changes at a decadal scale. They are freely available via the Internet from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Center (see http://earthexplorer@usgs.gov)

5. Mid-Decadal Global Land Survey GLS2005 Develop a global orthorectified dataset from Landsat or Landsat-like observations based on measurements during 2004-2006 Use Landsat-7 composites as primary source, Landsat-5 ground stations data to complement, ASTER to fill the remaining gaps, EO-1/ALI over islands USGS leads Phase I – data compilation (completed) NASA leads Phase II – data processing at USGS (started) Phase III – LCLUC products by community –Workshop in February in Annapolis –ROSES-2007 LCLUC solicitation

6. Phase I: Putting the Pieces Together Kudos to Steve Covington et al. USGS

7. Priority Matters Which Landsat has priority for the GLS2005 ? M.C. Escher, 1960: Circle Limit IV (Heaven and Hell) Final decision: First priority: L-7 Second: L-5 ALI+ASTER fill in L7 L5L7 L5

8. Landsat-7 Coverage Using Composites Good composites ~ 60% No suitable pairs ~ 20% Rest – depending on criteria

9. 2000 1990 1970 2005 GLS2005 Coverage: More islands and reefs Full coverage of Arctic Inc. Antarctic continent Coverage

10. Progress Scene selection for North America and Africa are currently ongoing, next - Northern Eurasia (All done automatically - system LASSI) GLS1975, -1990, and -2000 are being reprocessed using SRTM digital elevation models and improved geodetic control This will be the state-of-the-art geodetic control set for GLS2005, reprocessing GLS2000 (Geocover) and Landsat-based map products in the next decade

11. Timeline Release Schedule for GLS2005 –Feb 15, 2008: North America, Landsat-7 –June 30, 2008: Rest of Globe, Landsat-7 –Dec 31, 2008: Rest of Globe, Landsat-5 Reprocessed GLS2000 –July 2008

12. Landsat Data Gap Initiative Landsat-7 data are only partially useful - there are gaps Composites of cloud-free image pairs produce about 60% global coverage Mechanical problems may affect satellite longevity. Landsat-5 is old and experiences mechanical and electrical problems The next Landsat (LDCM) ~ 2011-2012 Objective is to identify, assess, and recommend alternative data sources that can best provide recurring global land observations, sufficiently consistent in terms of acquisition extent, frequency, and quality, as that of the Landsat Program.

13. IRS ResourceSat – 1, 2 (India) CBERS – 2, 2A, 3, 4 (China & Brazil) RapidEye – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (Germany) DMC – Algeria, Nigeria, UK, China Terra/ASTER (METI & NASA) High-resolution U.S. commercial systems –IKONOS, QuickBrid, OrbView-3 SPOT – 4, 5 (France) ALOS (JAXA) EO-1/ALI (NASA & USGS) Systems Considered

14. Implementation The Landsat Program is unique –Single source of systematic, global land observations –Alternate sources can reduce the impact of a Landsat data gap Preliminary analysis –Indias ResourceSat and China/Brazils Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS) are the leading candidates for reducing the impact of a Landsat data gap Data characterization and cross-calibration Prototype for International cooperation under GEOSS/CEOS: –Implementation plan correlates with the IEOS/Global Land Observing System initiative

15. Reduction to Two Sensors Indias ResourceSat-1 (launched 2003) –High Resolution Linear Imaging Self-Scanner (LISS-IV) – 5.8m VNIR SWIR –Medium Resolution Linear Imaging Self- Scanner (LISS-III) - 23m - VNIR SWIR –Advanced Wide Field Sensor (AWiFS) -56m – VNIR SWIR –Follow-on planned China-Brazils CBERS-2 (launched 2003) –HRCCD (High Resolution CCD Camera) – 20m VNIR –IRMSS (Infrared Multispectral Scanner) – 80m SWIR, 160m TIR –WFI (Wide-Field Imager) – 260m VNIR –No identical sensor slated for the CBERS-2B in 2007 –CBERS-3 (2009) a good candidate

16. Summary of Evaluation ResourceSat: able to provide data in near-term –AWiFS weaknesses Courser resolution than Landsat resolution Lacking bands (Landsat 1, 6 or 7) –AWiFS strengths: 740 km swath, 5 day repeat, radiometric resolution (10 bits), cost, timeliness, availability, generally high quality, SWIR band CBERS-2: issues IRMSS and WFI power supply failed in April, 2005 Complete failure early in 2007 eliminated CCD Lack of information on data formats, processing, and operational modes, instrument operability Look to CBERS 2B

17. Milestones –USGS/INPE Agreement for CBERS downlink - U.S. coverage –Cross calibration/validation activities –USGS/ISRO Agreement for RESOURCESAT calibration and science data

18. Technical challenges –Receiving and archiving Different formats, storage media, metadata Cataloguing data acquired along different orbits with varying scene sizes and swath widths –Analysis/Applications Mosaicing and co-registering data from multiple sources with different spatial resolutions, registration accuracy, and scene sizes Differentiating land-cover change from multiple sources Developing new methodologies and algorithms incorporating data from multiple sources

19. Towards a Decadal Global Land Survey for 2010 LDCM is planned for 2011: data available in 2012 A Decadal Survey to be centered on 2010 +/- 2 years, i.e. 2012 may be already the last year for the observational period One/both Landsats may still be alive: high-risk Possible scenarios: –Either L-5 or L-7 is dead –Both are dead

20. Preparing for Land Surface Imaging Constellation A 2010 Data set presents an opportunity for a truly international initiative The Data Gap study will not generate the GLS2010 Sources other than IRS or CBERS Additional receiving stations may be needed GEOSS/CEOS is the proper framework –The Challenge will be the data system