1. Animal Science and Biotechnology
Objective BA011.01: Summarize the physiological needs of animals for growth and reproduction.

2. Physiological Needs of Animals
Food/ Nutrients
Animals CANNOT produce their own food
Must consume other living organisms for energy
Respiration
Converting sugars to chemical energy
Occurs in the mitochondria
Some nutrients can be absorbed through environmental conditions- i.e.: sunlight

3. Physiological Needs of Animals
Oxygen
Usually absorbed by animals from the air
Occasionally absorbed through water or other means (ex- fish)
All animals are AEROBIC
Aka- they will die without oxygen

4. Physiological Needs of Animals
Water
Other than air, the single most important factor in the survival of all animals
Animals can only last a few days at most without water, though they can last days without food.

5. Physiological Needs of Animals
Other Important Inorganic Nutrients
Vitamins
B12, A, E, C, etc.
Minerals
Calcium, Phosphorus, etc.

6. Immune System Characteristics
Lymph System
In advanced animals
Utilizes white blood cells and antibodies to attack any antigens in the blood of an organism
Vaccines help the body form antibodies more quickly, while under less stress

7. Animal Science and Biotechnology
Objective BA011.02: Analyze the impact of biotechnology on animal disease prevention, diagnosis, and management

8. Animal Disease Diagnosis
ELISA tests
Utilize antigens to determine the presence of antibodies for a given pathogen in a blood sample
Antibodies indicate the presence of a particular pathogen being fought
The tests are usually produced from antigens extracted from research animals

9. Animal Disease Diagnosis
Bacterial Infections
Are tested in animals by biotechnology by culturing samples in an incubator
Different agar medias can be used to determine the presence of different bacteria upon examination after growth

10. Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment
Biotechnology has enabled researchers to produce animals with genetic resistance to many pathogens
Use gene segments from naturally resistant organisms
Find the gene in sharks that makes them resistant to cancer for use in humans
Produce animals with gene segments coding for the production of proteins to attack potential parasitic organisms

11. Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment
The production of antibodies in one organism for use in another is an important biotechnology technique used in vaccines
Jumpstarts the immune system of an animal
Also used in humans

12. Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment
The utilization of genes coding for the production of certain medical compounds (including antibiotics) in a variety of livestock enables agriculturalists to
Provide preventative medication in semi-controlled doses to populations on a large scale

13. Animal Science and Biotechnology
Objective BA011.03: Discuss the role of genetic engineering and biotechnology on improving animal breeding

14. Biotechnology Techniques in Animal Breeding
Artificial Insemination
Process of extracting and diluting semen from a male animal for use in a female animal
Allows for outstanding genetic characteristics to be spread through a population rapidly with minimal expense and high success
One ejaculate can produce more than 60 semen straws in cattle and horses

15. Biotechnology Techniques in Animal Breeding
Knockout Animals
Used to determine the function of specific genes, by creating animals without these genes

16. Biotechnology Techniques in Animal Breeding
Cloning
Rarely used in animals
Expensive and large amounts of tissue damage
Used for research or to preserve the most outstanding traits and characteristics
Usually requires the use of specialized sex cells, though recent advancements with enucleation have led to applications for cloning other cells

17. Biotechnology Techniques in Animal Breeding
In Vitro Fertilization
Process involving the removal of embryos from a female for fertilization and insertion into surrogate mothers for development
Expensive and chancy (embryos could be rejected by the surrogates)
Many haploid cells and embryos may be destroyed

18. Biotechnology Techniques in Animal Breeding
In Vitro Fertilization
A more common method is transferring fertilized eggs from a super-ovulated female to other females
One female can produce many times more offspring

19. Problems with Biotechnology in Animal Reproduction
Genetic Diversity
Could possibly decrease with increased use of biotechnology
Less diversity in breeds/ species
Most important negative aspect of increased use of biotechnology

20. Problems with Biotechnology in Animal Reproduction
Expense/ Technical Knowledge
Some processes can easily be completed on the farm
Many techniques still require expensive laboratory equipment or facilities.

21. Animal Science and Biotechnology
Objective BA011.04: Evaluate the function of hormones in animal growth and body regulation

22. Function of Animal Hormones
Control animal growth and behavior
Initiate physiological responses necessary for the reproduction of animals
Located in specialized glands throughout the body
Pituitary gland, thyroid gland

23. Function of Animal Hormones
Anabolic Steroids
Specialized hormones that are partially responsible for muscle growth and development
Even with prolonged use, steroid use in animals has little effect on muscle and bone
USDA and FDA have approved the use of low levels of hormones in beef cattle, dairy cattle, and hogs
HORMONE USE IN POULTRY IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED

24. Examples of Animal Hormones
Bovine Somatotropine (BST)
Naturally occurring hormone in dairy cows that controls the process of milk production
Extra BST produced by bacteria can be injected into dairy cattle to increase milk production

25. Examples of Animal Hormones
Hormones important in sexual reproduction and characteristics
Estrogen
Produced in large quantities in females
Feminine characteristics
Controls the menstrual cycle
Testosterone
Common in varying levels in males
Can lead to aggression- castration

26. Animal Science and Biotechnology
Objective BA012.01: Practice biotechnology techniques utilized in animal breeding.

27. Performing Artificial Insemination
Analyzing the breeding potential of an animal
Utilizes EPDs
Likelihood that an offspring will possess the same beneficial characteristics of the parent

28. Performing Artificial Insemination
Semen Collection/ Analysis
Semen is collected from male animals either by hand or through the use of an artificial vagina
Sample is analyzed to measure concentration and test motility/ viability
Motility- movement of individual sperm cells
Viability- # or % of active and functional sperm cells in a sample

29. Performing Artificial Insemination
Semen Collection/ Analysis
Sample is then divided into 80+ straws and flash frozen for long term storage
Extension solutions- semen can be diluted and stored for long periods of time
Semen can remain viable for over 30 years
Sperm can be sexed, but it requires expensive equipment utilizing lasers: can measure larger amounts of genetic material in female sperm cells

30. Performing Artificial Insemination
Monitoring and Prepping the Female
Female is monitored to predict time of ovulation
Can use hormones to induce ovulation in an entire population or herd
“Standing” is a good sign that ovulation is close
If timing is not correct, artificial insemination is useless because fertilization won’t happen

31. Performing Artificial Insemination
Thawing Semen
Straws should be stored in a container using liquid nitrogen to maintain subzero temperatures
Straws should be quickly removed from the container, shaken, an immediatedly placed in a water bath at 99 F for 15 seconds
Shaking removes water from the exterior to avoid breaking the seal

32. Performing Artificial Insemination
Inseminating the Female
Most methods utilize a specialized gun to deliver the semen from the straw to the female
The inseminator (that’s the person) inserts the gun into the vagina of the female, through the cervix, to release the semen into the uterus
The other hand of the inseminator is gloved and inserted into the rectum to palpate the location of the cervix and guide the gun through without damage

33. Performing In Vitro Fertilization & Embryo Transfer
Gathering Eggs
In Vitro- Eggs are usually removed from the ovaries in large quantities through simple surgery
Embryo Transfer- Eggs are fertilized in the uterus of the female
Female given hormone to induce super-ovulation
During ovulation, the female is inseminated (results in many viable embryos)
A special catheter is used to take out the fertilized eggs from the womb and into surrogate mothers

34. Performing In Vitro Fertilization & Embryo Transfer
Benefits of In Vitro Fertilization
Requires the smallest amount of semen
Ensures the production of viable embryos, which can be stored indefinitely
Often used in cloning because the sperm or egg can be genetically manipulated prior to fertilization

35. Animal Science and Biotechnology
Objective BA012.02: Trace the process of cloning in animals

36. Cloning History First animal cloned was a tadpole in 1957
First animal cloned from diploid cells was Dolly the sheep in 1996
In 2002, a private company claimed to have successfully cloned the first human child

37. Animal Cloning Process
The simplest method is the division of fertilized eggs (embryos)
All methods are expensive and result in large losses of developing embryos
Dolly was the only success out of 300+ attempts

38. Animal Cloning Process
Most require the use of sex cells to obtain genetic material
Under normal conditions, diploid cells in animals rarely differentiate
Dolly was cloned from DNA removed from a mammary cell placed into an enucleated egg

39. Animal Cloning Process
Tools
Micromanipulator is the most important tool
Used to divide cells, remove DNA, enucleate cells, and reinsert DNA

40. Animal Cloning Issues
Most animal clones produced are not “true clone” since their production utilizing enucleated eggs DOES NOT alter all nucleic acids
Clones retain the mitochondrial DNA of the original egg

41. Animal Cloning Issues
Environmental factors limit the effectiveness of clones in producing exact physical replicas of animals
Clones may have identical DNA, yet have different color patterns, be a different size, and exhibit different mental/physical characteristics depending on ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS